R-S: Ramsay through Sykes

Source: The Union Army, Federal Publishing Company

Ramsay, George D., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Virginia in 1801, graduated at the United States military academy in July, 1820, and was assigned to the corps of light artillery as second lieutenant. In March, 1826, he was promoted to the grade of first lieutenant, and was made regimental adjutant in December, 1833, having served on topographical and ordnance duty prior to that date. In February, 1835, he was appointed captain of ordnance, and held that rank over twenty-six years, serving in command of arsenals, in the military occupation of Texas, and in the field in Mexico. During the Mexican war he was engaged in the battle of Monterey, in September, 1846, and received the brevet of major "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the several conflicts at Monterey, September 23, 1846." From June, 1847, to the close of the war in May, 1848, he served as chief ordnance officer of the army commanded by Major-General Taylor, in command of arsenals, and as a member of the ordnance board in 1860. He was promoted to be major of ordnance in April, 1861, lieutenant-colonel in August, 1861, and colonel in June, 1863. He was appointed chief of ordnance in September, 1863, with the rank of brigadier-general, U. S. army, and served in that position until September, 1864, when he was retired from active service under the act of July 17, 1862, being over the age of sixty-two years, but continued to serve by assignment, in command of Washington arsenal until June 8, 1866. On March 13, 1865, he was awarded the brevet of major-general, U. S. Army, "for long and faithful service in the army." He died at his residence in the city of Washington, May 23, 1882.

Ransom, Thomas E. G., brigadier-general, was born in Norwich, Vermont, November 29. 1834. He was educated at Newbury seminary and Norwich university, completing the course in civil engineering at Norwich in 1851, and prior to the Civil war he practiced his profession and engaged in the real estate business in Illinois. Early in 1861 he recruited a company for the 11th Illinois regiment, of which he was commissioned captain on April 24, and he became major of the regiment in June and lieutenant-colonel on July 30. He was wounded while leading a charge at Charleston, Missouri, on August 20, and distinguished himself in the assault on Fort Henry and the attack on Fort Donelson, where he was again wounded. He became colonel of his regiment, February 15, 1862, and at Shiloh was in the thickest of the fight, and, although wounded in the head early in the day, persisted in remaining with his command. He became chief of staff to General McClernand and inspector-general of the Army of the Tennessee in June, and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in January, 1863, his commission dating from November 29. 1862. He rendered conspicuous service in command of his brigade at Vicksburg, Page 207 and in the Red River campaign he commanded a division and received a wound in the knee at Sabine cross-roads, from which he never recovered. He commanded a division and subsequently the 16th army corps in the operations about Atlanta, and on September 1, 1864, was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He subsequently commanded a division and then the 17th corps in the pursuit of Hood, until forced to relinquish his command at Gaylesville on account of illness. General Ransom was pronounced by both Grant and Sherman to be among the ablest generals on their commands. He died near Rome, Georgia, of illness brought on by overwork and exposure, October 29, 1864.

Raum, Green B., brigadier-general, was born in Golconda, Illinois, December 3, 1829. He was admitted to the bar in 1853 and practiced in his native town until 1856, when he removed to Kansas and became identified with the Free-state party. He returned to Illinois in 1857, practiced in Harrisburg until the Civil war, and after the firing upon Fort Sumter made the first war speech in southern Illinois, at Metropolis. He entered the Federal army as major of the 56th Illinois infantry, September 28, 1861, was promoted lieutenant-colonel in June, 1862, and colonel on August 31. He served with General Rosecrans in the Army of the Mississippi, led a successful bayonet charge at Corinth on October 4, and afterwards commanded a brigade in the Vicksburg campaign and also in the Chattanooga campaign, being severely wounded at Missionary ridge, November 25, 1863. During the Atlanta campaign he held the line of communication from Dalton to Acworth and from Kingston to Rome, and in October, 1864, reinforced Resaca and held it against Hood. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, September 19, 1864, received promotion to the full rank, February 15, 1865, and was with Sherman on his march to the sea and in the assembling of his army in South Carolina, his final service being as commander of a brigade in the veteran corps under Halleck at Winchester, Virginia He resigned his commission in May, 1865, was builder and first president of the Cairo & Vincennes railroad in 1866, and from 1867-69 was Republican representative in Congress from the 13th Illinois district. He was president of the Illinois Republican convention in 1866, temporary president in 1876, and in the latter year was delegate to the Republican national convention. He was commissioner of internal revenue from 1876 to 1883; practiced law in Washington then until 1889; was commissioner of pensions, 1889-93, and then engaged in the practice of law in Chicago.

Rawlins, John A., brigadier-general, was born in East Galena, Illinois, February 13, 1831. He passed his early years on a farm, attended school during the winter months, and also engaged in burning charcoal. He studied law in Galena, 1854-55, was admitted to the bar and became a partner of his preceptor, Isaac P. Stevens. He was city attorney for Galena in 1857, a Democratic candidate for presidential elector in 1860, and during the campaign of that year held a series of debates with his rival, gaining considerable local reputation as an orator. At a meeting held in Galena after the fall of Fort Sumter he favored the maintenance of the union by force of arms and was appointed aide-de-camp to General Grant. Although the youngest member of his staff, Grant promoted him assistant adjutant-general with the rank of captain, September 15, 1861. his commission dating from August 31, and he served with Grant throughout the remainder of the war, with the exception of August and September, 1864, when he was absent on sick leave. His valuable services won his rapid promotion as follows: major, May 14, 1862; lieutenant-colonel, November 1, 1862; brigadier-general of volunteers, August 11, 1863; brigadier-general U. S. A. and chief of staff, March 3, 1865; brevet major-general of volunteers, February 24, 1865, and brevet major-general Page 208 U. S. A., March 13, 1865. General Rawlins was held in high esteem by Grant, who characterized him in a letter to Henry Wilson, chairman of the senate military committee, urging his confirmation as brigadier-general, as "more nearly indispensable to me than any other officer in the service." General Rawlins became secretary of war in President Grant's cabinet, March 9, 1869, and held the office until his death, which resulted from pulmonary consumption contracted during the war, at Washington, D. C, September 9, 1869.

Reid, Hugh T., brigadier-general, was born in Union county, Indiana, October 18, 1811. He was graduated at Bloomington college, Indiana, studied law, and in 18,19 moved to Fort Madison. Iowa, where he practiced for ten years, moving subsequently to Keokuk. He was in 1840-42 prosecuting attorney for Des Moines, Henry, Lee. Jefferson and Van Buren counties, and he enjoyed a reputation as an able land lawyer. He was for four years president of the Des Moines Valley railroad. He entered the service of the Federal government on February 22, 1862, as colonel of the 15th Iowa infantry, and distinguished himself at Shiloh, where, after receiving a bullet wound in the neck, he refused to leave the field and rode up and down the lines encouraging his men. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13, 1863, and was subsequently commander of the posts at Lake Providence, Louisiana, and Cairo, Illinois, until April 4, 1864, when he resigned. He died in Keokuk, Iowa, August 31, 1874.

Reilly, James W., brigadier-general, was born in Akron, Ohio, May S1, 1828. He was graduated at St. Mary's college, Emmitsburg, Maryland, was admitted to the bar, and in 1861 was representative from Columbiana county in the state legislature. He became colonel of the 104th Ohio infantry, August 30, 1862, serving in the Army of the Ohio under General H. G. Wright and later under Burnside. He was ordered to organize and command the Eastern Tennessee recruits, and formed them into a brigade which became the 1st brigade, 3d division, 23d army corps. He was engaged in the battle of Knoxville in December, 1863, took part in the pursuit of Longstreet and remained in Tennessee until April, 1864, afterwards participating in Sherman's march to Atlanta, and receiving his commission as brigadier-general on July 30, 1864, during the operations before that city. General Reilly distinguished himself at Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864, where he captured 1,0oo prisoners and 22 stands of colors, and afterwards he commanded a brigade at Nashville on December 15-16, and a division at Bentonville, March 18, 1865. He resigned his commission, April 20, 1866, and afterwards practiced law in Wellsville, Ohio.

Reno, Jesse L., major-general, was born in Wheeling, Virginia, June 20, 1823. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1846 and served with distinction during the Mexican war, where he took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and the storming of Chapultepec, where he was severely wounded. For gallantry at Cerro Gordo he was brevetted 1st lieutenant and for services at Chapultepec, captain. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1853 and captain in 1860, the interval between the Mexican and Civil wars being employed as assistant professor_ at the military academy, on topographical duty, as a member of various boards and in command of arsenals. He commanded Mt. Vernon arsenal, Alabama, from 1859 until its seizure by the Confederates in January, 1861, and the arsenal at Leavenworth, Kansas, from February until December of that year. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on November 12, and commanded a brigade in General Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, participating in the capture of Roanoke Page 209 island, the battle of New Berne, and the action at Camden. From April to August, 1862, he commanded a division in the Department of North Carolina, was promoted major-general of volunteers, July 18, 1862, and took part in the movement to Newport News and the Rappahannock in August. He commanded the 9th corps in the northern Virginia campaign, from August to September, engaging at Manassas and Chantilly, and also at South mountain in the Maryland campaign. He was killed at South mountain, September 14, 1862, while gallantly leading an assault.

Revere, Joseph W., brigadier-general, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 17, 1812. He entered the service of the United States in 1828 as midshipman in the navy, was promoted past midshipman in 1834 and lieutenant in 1841, and served during the Mexican war, where he raised the first United States flag on the north side of the bay of San Francisco. He left the service of the United States in 1850, entered the Mexican service as lieutenant-colonel of artillery, and was knighted by Queen Isabella of Spain for saving the lives of her subjects. When the Civil war broke out he re-entered the national service, becoming colonel of the 7th New Jersey volunteers, September 19, 1861. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, October 25, 1862, and commanded a brigade at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. For his action at Chancellorsville he was censured by General Joseph B. Carr, commanding the division, and a court-martial dismissed him from the service in May, 1863. However, he succeeded in having the proceedings reopened and President Lincoln subsequently accepted his resignation from the army. General Revere died in Hoboken, New Jersey, April 20, 1880.

Reynolds, John F., major-general, was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1820, graduated at West Point on June 30. 1841, and on October 23 following, received his commission as second lieutenant in the 3d artillery. On June 13, 1846, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, and served throughout the Mexican war, winning the brevets of captain and major for his "gallant and meritorious conduct" at Monterey and Buena Vista. After his return from Mexico he was engaged in military service in California, and against the Indians on the Pacific coast. In 1852 he was appointed aid to General Wool, and on March 3, 1855, was promoted to a captaincy in the 3d artillery. On May 14, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 14th U. S. infantry, and on August 20 was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and appointed to the command of the 1st brigade of the Pennsylvania reserve corps. In June, 1862, the reserves joined the Army of the Potomac, on the peninsula, and General Reynolds, on June 26, participated in the battle of Mechanicsville, and the next day took part in the severe battle of Gaines' mill. He was also engaged at Savage Station, and at Charles City cross-roads, where he took command of the division after General McCall was taken prisoner, and at a late hour the same day was himself captured by the enemy and sent to Richmond. For his gallantry in these battles he received the brevets of colonel and brigadier-general in the regular army. After his release from Richmond, and on September 26, he returned to the command of his division, and soon after assumed command of the 1st army corps, by virtue of seniority of rank. He commanded this corps in the first battle of Fredericksburg, and in January, 1863. he was nominated major-general of volunteers. He hastened forward in the movement to Gettysburg at the direction of the commanding general, and arrived there in the vanguard of the Federal army, and bringing his little corps of 8,000 men into action against a Confederate force of three times that number, he rode forward to reconnoiter a grove in which the enemy had placed Page 210 a large body of sharp-shooters; and dismounting from his horse, approached a fence and looked over toward the wood, when he was struck in the neck by a rifle ball, fell upon his face and died in a few minutes, July 1, 1863.

Reynolds, Joseph J., major-general, was born in Flemingsburg» Kentucky, January 4, 1822. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1843. took part in the military occupation of Texas, and was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847. He was assistant professor at the military academy from 1846 to 1849, then principal assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy until 1855, served on frontier duty at Fort Wichita, Indiana Territory, 1855-56, and resigned from the army, February 28, 1857. He was then professor of mechanics and engineering at Washington university, St. Louis, Missouri, until 1860, engaged in business for a time in Lafayette, Indiana, and on April 25, 1861, re-entered the national service as colonel of the 10th Indiana infantry. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, on May 17. served in western Virginia under Rosecrans and McClellan, and in September was left in command of the Cheat mountain district. Here he engaged in several skirmishes and also in the action at Greenbrier river on October 3, and on January 23, 1862, resigned his commission, subsequently engaging in recruiting troops in Indiana. He became colonel of the 75th Indiana volunteers in August, and on September 17 was again given a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, being promoted major-general on November 29. He took part in the engagement at Hoover's gap, June 24, 1863. was engaged at Chickamauga, September 19-20, and on October 10, 1863, was made chief of staff of the Army of the Cumberland, in which capacity he took part in the battle of Chattanooga. He commanded the defenses of New Orleans from January to June, 1864, and was then made commander of the 19th army corps. He then commanded successively the Mississippi river from its mouth to Memphis, the military division of west Mississippi and the Department of Arkansas, commanding also the 7th army corps from November, 1864, to August, 1865. He was promoted colonel in the regular army and given command of the 26th infantry, July 28, 1866, was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, and on March 2, 1867, was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army for gallantry at Chickamauga and Missionary ridge, respectively. He was afterwards in command of various posts and districts until June 25, 1877. when he was retired for disability contracted in the line of duty. He died in Washington, D. C, February 25, 1899.

Rice, Americus V., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Ohio, and upon the outbreak of the Civil war entered the military service as captain in the 21st Ohio infantry, three months' troops. He served with this regiment throughout its term of enlistment, participating in engagements at Ripley and Scarey creek, W. Virginia, and was honorably mustered out on August 12, 1861. He re-entered the service on September 2, as captain in the 57th Ohio infantry, and with it left the state in February, 1862. With his command he participated in the battle of Shiloh, having been promoted to lieutenant-colonel on February 8, 1862, and at Chickasaw Bayou five days of severe fighting were experienced. At Arkansas Post, at the head of his regiment he led the brigade in a charge on the works which were captured after a desperate battle of three hours, and on May 24, 1863, he was promoted to colonel. He served through the siege and until the capitulation of Vicksburg, and then his regiment being sent to East Tennessee, Page 211 he participated in the battle of Missionary ridge. He continued with his regiment, when not absent on account of serious wounds, through the Atlanta campaign, the march through the Carolinas, and on May 31, 1865, in recognition of his distinguished services he was given the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He remained in the service until January 15, 1866, when, all disturbances having ceased he was honorably mustered out and returned to his home in Ohio, where he became quite prominent in civil life.

Rice, Elliott W., brigadier-general, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, November 16, 1835. He moved to Ohio with his parents, was graduated at the University of Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practiced in Oskaloosa, Iowa At the beginning of the Civil war he enlisted as a private in the 7th Iowa volunteers, rose to be major in August. 1861, colonel, April 7, 1862, and on June 20, 1864, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He first met the Confederates at Belmont, Missouri, November 7, 1861, and afterwards commanded his regiment at Shiloh and Corinth, and in all the important battles of the southwest. He commanded a brigade and for a time the 2nd division of the 16th army corps in the Atlanta campaign; a brigade in Corse's division during Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas; and on March 13, 1863, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallant and distinguished services during the war. He was honorably mustered out in August, 1865, and resumed his law practice in Oskaloosa, afterward moving to Sioux City. He died in Sioux City, Iowa, June 22, 1887.

Rice, James C, brigadier-general, was born in Worthington, Massachusetts, December 27, 1829. He attended school, but was mainly self-educated until he entered Yale, where he was graduated in 1854. He engaged in teaching for a while at Natchez, Mississippi, became literary editor of a newspaper, and then commenced the study of law. A year later he removed to New York city, where he was admitted to the bar in 1856 and began to practice. At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted as a private, was chosen adjutant and captain, and on the organization of the 44th New York regiment was appointed its lieutenant-colonel. Shortly afterward he became colonel of the regiment, and led it in the battles of Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Gaines' mill, Malvern hill, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and performed distinguished service at Gettysburg while commanding a brigade during the second day's fight, by holding the extreme left of the line against repeated attacks, and defending Round Top from a flank movement. For this he received a brigadier-general's commission in the volunteer army August 17, 1863. He took part in the advance on Mine run and in the operations in the Wilderness, and met his death in the battle near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia. May 11, 1864.

Rice, Samuel A., brigadier-general, was born in Penn Yan, New York, January 27, 1828. He studied at the Ohio university, then at Union college, where he was graduated in 1849. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, removed to Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he was elected county attorney in 1853, and attorney-general for the state in 1856, and by re-election serving until 1862. On August 10, 1862, he was commissioned colonel of the 33d Iowa volunteers and he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers for bravery in the hotly contested battle of Helena. Arkansas He continued serving with honor during the campaigns of 1863-64 in the Southwest, and on April 30, 1864, in the attack made at Jenkins' ferry, in middle Arkansas, on General Banks' expedition, he was mortally wounded. He Page 212 was immediately removed to his home at Oskaloosa, where he died on July 6, 1864. Richardson, Israel B., major-general, was born in Fairfax, Vermont, December 26, 1815. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1841 and served in the Florida war of 1841-42, in the military occupation of Texas, and in the Mexican war, where he was present at most of the principal engagements and won the brevet of captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and that of major for services at Chapultepec. He was promoted captain in 1851 and resigned from the service in 1855, engaging in farming near Pontiac, Michigan At the beginning of the Civil war he was commissioned colonel of the 2nd Michigan infantry, and on May 17, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He took part in the battle of Bull Run and covered the retreat of the Federal army with his brigade, and he commanded a division in the Army of the Potomac during the Virginia Peninsular campaign, engaging in the battle of Fair Oaks and the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. His coolness in action had won him the name "fighting Dick" in the Mexican war, and the name clung to him in the Civil war also. General Richardson was promoted major-general of volunteers July 4, 1862, and commanded the 1st division in the Maryland campaign where he fought at South mountain and at Antietam. He was mortally wounded at Antietam, and died in Pry's house, McClellan's headquarters, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, November 3, 1862.

Richardson, William A., brigadier-general, was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, October 11, 1811, became a lawyer and settled in Illinois. Between the years 1836 and 1844 he was three times a member of the state legislature, and in 1844 was an elector-at-large on the Polk and Dallas presidential ticket. In 1846 he served as captain in the Mexican war, and on the battle-field of Buena Vista was promoted major by the unanimous vote of his regiment.. In 1847 he was elected a representative in Congress from Illinois by the Democrats and continued a member of the house until 1856, when he resigned. In 1857 he was appointed governor of Nebraska by President Buchanan, but he resigned that position the following year. In 1860 he reluctantly consented to serve as a member of Congress, and on September 3, 1861, was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. He declined the military position, however, and before his term as representative had expired he was elected United States senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in New York city in 1868, then retired from public life, and he died at Quincy, Illinois, on December 27, 1875.

Ricketts, James B., brigadier-general, was born in New York city, June 21, 1817. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1839, served during the Canadian border disturbances, and took part in the Mexican war, where he was engaged in the battle of Monterey and held the Riconda pass during the battle of Buena Vista. He was promoted captain in 1852, served in Florida against the Seminole Indians, and was then on frontier and garrison duty until the Civil war. His early service in the Civil war was in the defenses of Washington and he commanded a battery in the capture of Alexandria. He distinguished himself in the battle of Bull Run, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. For his gallantry on this occasion he was breveted lieutenant-colonel and commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and after being confined as a prisoner of war and being absent on sick leave, he returned Page 213 to duty in June, 1862, and commanded a division in the Army of Virginia during the Northern Virginia campaign, where he participated in the battles of second Bull Run. and Cedar mountain, and in the actions at Rappahannock station and Thoroughfare gap. He also commanded a division in the Maryland campaign, taking part in the battles of South mountain and Antietam, was promoted major in the regular army, June 1, 1863, and commanded the 3d division, 6th army corps, under General Grant in the Richmond campaign, where he was engaged in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, and in the siege of Petersburg. He was brevetted colonel for gallantry at Cold Harbor, and in the defense of Maryland against General Early's raid commanded the 3d division under General Wallace at the battle of Monocacy. He commanded the 3d division, 6th army corps, Army of the Shenandoah, at Opequan, Fisher's hill, and Cedar creek, Virginia, and was severely wounded in the last named battle. General Ricketts was brevetted major-general of volunteers, August 1, 1864. and on March 13, 1865. he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Cedar creek, and major-general U. S. A. for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. After the close of hostilities he commanded a district in Virginia until April 30, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He was retired from active service in the regular army, January 3, 1867, with the rank of major-general, for disability incurred from wounds received in battle, and he died in Washington, D. C, September 27. 1887.

Ripley, James W., brigadier-general, was born in Windham, Connecticut, December 10, 1794. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1814, served in the war against Great Britain and in the Seminole war, and was then until the Civil war engaged in various duties connected with the ordnance department. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in 1848 for meritorious conduct in the performance of his duty in the prosecution of the war with Mexico, and was promoted colonel and chief of ordnance, U. S. A., April 23, 1861. He was brevetted brigadier-general, July 2, 1861, was promoted brigadier-general and chief of ordnance on August 3, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general U. S. A. for long and faithful services in the army. He was retired from active service, September 15, 1863, and afterwards served until his death as inspector of armament and fortifications on the New England coast. He died in Hartford, Connecticut, March 16, 1870.

Roberts, Benjamin S., brigadier-general, was born in Manchester, Vermont, November 18. 1810. He was graduated at West Point in 1835 and served on frontier and recruiting duty, but resigned from the army in 1839 and became chief engineer of the construction of the Champlain & Ogdensburg railroad, and later he served as assistant geologist of the state of New York. In 1842 he was employed with Lieutenant George W. Whistler in constructing the Russian system of railways, and in 1843 was admitted to the bar and began to practice in Des Moines, Iowa. He was lieutenant-colonel of Iowa militia, 1844-46, and on May 27, 1846, was reappointed to the United States army as 1st lieutenant in the mounted rifles. He was promoted captain in February, 1847, and during the war with Mexico served at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo. Contreras, Churubusco, and other engagements up to the capture of the Mexican capital. He was brevetted major for gallantry at Chapultepec. lieutenant-colonel for gallantry in the action at Matamoras and at the pass at Galaxara, and the legislature of the state of Iowa presented him with a sword of honor in recognition of his services during the war. He was promoted major early in 1861 and served in New Mexico under General Canby, engaging at Fort Craig, Valverde, Albuquerque and Peralta. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Valverde, and on June 16, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He served as inspector-general on the staff of General Pope at Cedar mountain, Rappahannock station, Sulphur springs and the second Bull Run, was subsequently inspector-general of the Northwest department, and in November commanded an expedition against the Chippewa Indians. In 1863 he commanded first the upper defenses of Washington and then an independent brigade in West Virginia and Iowa, and in 1864, after leading a division of the 19th corps in Louisiana, he was chief of cavalry of the Department of the Gulf until ordered, early in 1865, to command the district of west Tennessee and the cavalry division of the District of Tennessee. On March 13. 1865. he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army and major-general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services at second Bull Run and Cedar mountain. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, January 15, 1866, was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the 3d cavalry, July 28, 1866. and on December 15, 1870, was retired at his own request. He then practiced law in Washington, until his death, which occurred in Washington, D. C, January 29, 1875.

Robinson, James S., brigadier-general, was born near Mansfield, Ohio, October 14, 1827. He learned the printer's trade, and from 1847 to 1865 edited the "Weekly Republican" at Canton, Ohio. He was secretary of the first Republican convention held in Ohio, in 1856, and was clerk in the house of representatives of the Ohio legislature,1856-58. Enlisting as a private in the 4th Ohio volunteers at the beginning of the Civil war, he was soon afterward appointed captain, served under McClellan at Rich mountain, July 11, 1861, and on re-enlisting after his first three months' service became major of the 82nd Ohio infantry on December 31, being subsequently promoted lieutenant-colonel, April 9, 1862. and colonel on August 29 of that year. He served with Fremont in the Shenandoah valley, and was afterwards engaged at the second Bull Run. where he commanded his regiment after Colonel Cantwell was wounded, and also at Cedar mountain and Chancellorsville, and he was severely wounded at Gettysburg. After recovering from his wound he commanded a brigade in Sherman's Atlanta campaign, and on the march to the sea. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. January 12, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, December 9, 1864, and major-general March 13. 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. General Robinson was mustered out, August 31, 1865, engaged in railroad building in Ohio after the war, was chairman of the Republican state executive committee, 1877-79, and state commissioner of railroads and telegraphs in 1880. He was Republican representative from the 9th Ohio district in Congress from 1881 to 1885, and was from 1885 to 1889 secretary of state of Ohio. He died in Toledo, Ohio, January 14, 1892.

Robinson, John C, brigadier-general, was born in Binghamton, New York, April 10. 1817. He entered West Point academy in 1835, and resigned in 1838 to commence the study of law, but in 1839 was appointed by the president second lieutenant of infantry. During the Mexican war he served as brigade quartermaster and took part in the battles of Palo Alto. Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, and in the capture of the city of Mexico. He was promoted to be captain in August. 1850, took part in the campaigns against the Indians of Page 215 Florida and Texas, and accompanied the military expedition to Utah in 1857. At the opening of the Civil war he was commander at Fort McHenry and skillfully prevented its falling into the hands of the Confederates. Later he engaged in recruiting service in Ohio and Michigan, and in September, 1861, was commissioned colonel of the 1st Michigan, volunteers. In February, 1862, he was promoted to be major in the regular army, and on April 28, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He participated in all the battles of McClellan's Peninsular campaign, and led a division at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the Wilderness. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for services at Gettysburg, and colonel for his gallantry in the Wilderness. During a charge on the Confederate breastworks at Spottsylvania Court House he received a wound that necessitated the amputation of his left leg and disabled him for further active service. Until the close of the war he commanded districts in New York, and in 1866 was military commander in North Carolina, and commissioner for that state of the Freedmen's bureau. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers in June, 1864; brigadier and major-general in the regular army in March, 1865, and in July, 1866, was commissioned colonel. He served as commander of the Department of the South in 1867; of the Department of the Lakes in 1868 and 1869, and on May 9 of the year last named was. at his own request, placed on the retired list with the full rank of major-general. In 1872 General Robinson was, as a Republican, elected lieutenant-governor of New York, and held that office until 1876. In 1877 and 1878 he was commander-in-chief of the G. A. R., and in 1887 and 1888, president of the Society of the Army of the Potomac. After retiring from the lieutenant-governorship, in 1876, he engaged in various business enterprises in Binghamton, New York, and died on February 18, 1897.

Rodman, Isaac P., brigadier-general, was born at South Kingston. Rhode Island, August 28, 1822. He received a common school education, was trained in business, became a manufacturer of woolen goods in partnership with his father, and was for a time colonel of militia. In 1861 he resigned his seat in the state senate, raised a company, and as a captain in the 2nd Rhode Island infantry took part at Bull Run. For gallantry in that -action he was advanced to a lieutenant-colonelcy, and assigned to the 4th Rhode Island regiment, October 5, 1861, and soon after to the colonelcy. As colonel of this regiment he was engaged in the capture of Roanoke island, February 8. 1862. and of New Berne, March 14. where he took the enemy's works by assault; for this service, and others at Beaufort and Fort Macon, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, his commission dating from April 28. He had command of a division at South mountain and Antietam; and in the latter battle received a mortal wound while leading the charge by which the stone bridge was carried, and he died near Hagerstown, Maryland, September 29, 1862.

Rosecrans, William S., major-general, was born at Kingston, Ohio, September 6. 1819, and was graduated fifth in the class of 1842, at the West Point military academy. He entered the U. S. engineer corps, as second lieutenant by brevet, serving for a year in the construction of fortifications at Hampton Roads, Virginia He was assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy, and then of engineering, for four years, at the U. S. military academy. He was next the superintending engineer at Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, and of several surveys in eastern New England, and at the Washington navy yard, until April 1. 1854. Having attained the rank of first lieutenant, he resigned from the army and began business Page 216 life at Cincinnati, Ohio, as civil engineer and architect. From 1855 to 1860 he was in charge of the Cannel coal company in western Virginia, and in 1856 became the president of the Coal river navigation company. In 1857 he organized the Preston coal oil company for the manufacture of kerosene. At the beginning of the Civil war he entered the service as colonel of the 23d regiment U. S. Ohio volunteer infantry. Within a month he was made brigadier-general in the U. S. regular army, and ordered to accompany General George B. McClellan to West Virginia, where he commanded a provisional brigade of three-months' volunteers until July 23, 1861, when he succeeded General McClellan in command of the Department of the Ohio. In September, when the Confederates, Floyd and Wise, sought to get possession of the Great Kanawha valley, General Rosecrans marched 110 miles, defeated Floyd at Carnifix ferry, and ultimately compelled their retreat through the mountains to Dublin, on the Southwestern Virginia & Tennessee railway. He received, shortly after, resolutions unanimously framed by the legislatures of West Virginia and Ohio, thanking him for his successful military operations and civil administration. In April, 1862, he received the command of Paine's and Stanley's divisions of the Mississippi army, and took part in the siege of Corinth. With two divisions of the Army of the Mississippi, on September 19, he fought and won the battle of Iuka, against the forces of General Price, and on October 3 and 4, with the remnants of those two divisions, and McKean's and Davis's, 'he also routed the forces of Price and Van Dorn at the battle of Corinth, and pursued them until he was recalled by General Grant. On October 30 he assumed command of the Department of the Cumberland, and on December 31. following, the sanguinary battle of Stone's river began. It was fought on that day and on January 1 and 2, 1863, and it ended with the retreat of the Confederates along the line of Duck river. In view of this victory the U. S. congress unanimously passed a joint resolution of thanks, as did the legislatures of Ohio and Indiana. On June 23 General Rosecrans began his next movement, drove the Confederates out of their camps at Shelbyville and Tullahoma, and in fifteen days forced them to retreat to the south side of the Tennessee river, with headquarters at Chattanooga. Demonstrations toward Decatur, Alabama, deceived Bragg, and Rosecrans crossed the Tennessee, threatened Bragg's communication with Atlanta, and compelled him to withdraw from Chattanooga to Lafayette. Rosecrans then got between Bragg and Chattanooga, concentrated his forces on the roads leading to Chattanooga, and after the sanguinary battle of Chickamauga held possession of the roads, and on September 21 took and held possession of Chattanooga. On January 27, 1864, he was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, and although previous commanders had encountered insuperable obstacles in administration, in the face of these difficulties he so managed and concluded a campaign against the Confederate General Price, that his army was defeated and driven out of the state. On December 10, 1864, he was placed on waiting orders at Cincinnati, Ohio, and was mustered out of the U. S. volunteer service, January 15, 1866. He resigned from the U. S. regular army, March 28, 1867, having been brevetted major-general, U. S. A., on March 13, 1865, for gallant and distinguished services at the battle of Stone's river, Tennessee. In the year 1868 General Rosecrans was appointed U. S. minister to Mexico, and reached that country in November. In 1880 he was elected to the U. S. house of representatives from the state of California, and served until March 4, 1883. In June, 1885, Page 217 he was appointed register of the U. S. treasury, at Washington, D. C, which office he held until 1893. On February 27, 1889, by act of Congress he was re-appointed brigadier-general, U. S. army, and was placed on the retired list on March 2, following. General Rosecrans died on March 11, 1908.

Ross, Leonard F., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Illinois, and on July 18, 1846, enlisted as a private in Co. K of the 4th Illinois infantry for service in the Mexican war. On September 4 of the same year he was commissioned first lieutenant of his company, and he served in that capacity until May 26, 1847, when he was honorably mustered out of the service. He then followed civil pursuits until the breaking -out of the Civil war, when, on May 25, 1861, he was mustered in as colonel of the 17th Illinois, infantry. The first actual engagement in which Colonel Ross led his regiment was on October 21, when with other regiments it was sent from Cape Girardeau in pursuit of General Jeff Thompson's forces, meeting and defeating them at Fredericks, wn. At the head of his regiment he charged the enemy's lines early in the engagement, completely routing him. The following day the regiment pursued the enemy and engaged him near Greenfield, Arkansas Colonel Ross participated with his regiment in the sanguinary battle which was followed by the surrender of Fort Donelson; and then embarked for Savannah, later arriving at Pittsburg landing, where his regiment was assigned to the 1st division of the Army of West Tennessee, and upon the memorable field of Shiloh he took part in the momentous battles of April 6 and 7. On April ?5, 1862, Colonel Ross was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, of volunteers and served out the remainder of his military career in that capacity, resigning his commission on July 22, 1863. General Ross died January 17, 1901.

Rousseau, Lovell H., major-general, was born in Stanford, Lincoln county, Kentucky, August 4, 1818, his father having emigrated from Virginia. He received the ordinary school advantages afforded the pioneer settlers of that early period and then devoted his attention to the study of law. Subsequently he removed to Bloomfield, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar of that state in 1841. He became an active political leader at once, and was elected to the state assembly in 1844 and to the state senate in 1847. He took part in the Mexican war as captain of the 2nd Indiana regiment of volunteers, and received special mention for his gallantry at Buena Vista, February 22-23, l847. In 1849 he made Louisville, Kentucky, his home and there opened a law office, where he soon attained prominence as a criminal lawyer. He was elected to the Kentucky state senate in 1860, being the choice of both parties. On the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861, he used his earnest efforts to restrain Kentucky from joining the Confederacy, and was especially active in recruiting troops and providing for their proper drill and equipment. He resigned from the legislature to serve better the Federal cause, and to this end he proposed and established Camp Joe Holt, near Louisville, which became a prominent rendezvous for troops. He raised the 5th regiment, Kentucky volunteers, and was made colonel in September, 1861, becoming brigadier-general on October 6, following. He led the 4th brigade of the 2nd division, Army of the Ohio, at the second day's battle of Shiloh, and greatly distinguished himself by retaking the headquarters abandoned by General McClernand the day before and otherwise contributing to the success of the Federal army on that day. He again distinguished himself at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, on October 8, and that day gained his promotion to major-general of volunteers. Page 218 He was next in the field at Stone's river on December 31, and from November, 1863, to the close of the war, was in command of the districts of Tennessee. He led an important and successful raid into the heart of Alabama in 1864 and defended Fort Rosecrans during the siege of Nashville. He resigned from the army on November 30, 1865, and four days later took his seat in the Thirty-ninth Congress, to which he had been elected as a Republican representative from Kentucky. In June, 1866, General Rousseau made a personal assault on J. B. Grinnell of Iowa, for words spoken in debate, and was, by resolution of the committee appointed to investigate, recommended to be expelled. The house, however, adopted the minority report to reprimand him, whereupon he resigned his seat. He was re-elected during the subsequent recess to the same Congress and served on the same committees as in the first session. He was appointed on March 28. 1867, by President Johnson, a brigadier-general in the regular army, being given on the same date the brevet rank of major-general U. S. A., and he was assigned to duty in the new territory of Alaska to receive that domain from the Russian government and assume control of the territory. He succeeded General Sheridan in command of the Department of the Gulf, and continued in that command with his headquarters at New Orleans up to the time of his death, which occurred January 7, 1869.

Rowley, Thomas A., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, and on October 8, 1847, entered the United States military service as captain of a company of volunteers, which was recruited in the District of Columbia and Maryland for service in the Mexican war. With this company he served until July 18, 1848, when he was honorably mustered out and returned to peaceful pursuits. Upon the breaking out of the Civil war he assisted in recruiting and became the colonel of the 13th Pennsylvania infantry, being mustered into the service on April 25, 1861, and he served with it during its three months' term of enlistment. The regiment was mustered out on August 6. 1861, and a fortnight later Colonel Rowley left for Washington with five companies, being soon joined by others who were desirous of enlisting for three years, and the regiment thus organized became the 102nd Pennsylvania infantry, with Colonel Rowley as its commanding officer. With this regiment he participated in the siege of Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg. Fair Oaks, and Malvern hill. He again met the enemy at Centerville, after the second Bull Run battle, acted as support to a battery during the engagement at Chantilly, was held in reserve at Antietam, and the regiment then became attached to the 6th corps when General Burnside assumed command of the army. On November 29, 1862, Colonel Rowley was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. and served in that capacity until December 29, 1864, when he resigned from the army and devoted his attention to peaceful pursuits. He died May 14, 1892.

Rucker, Daniel H., brigadier-general, was born at Belleville, New Jersey, April 28, 1812, and entered the United States army as second lieutenant of 1st dragoons, October 13, 1837. He was acting assistant quartermaster at Fort Gibson, Indiana Territory, from February, 1838, to June. 1839. at Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory, to April, 1840, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from July. 1840, to October. 1842, and again from July, 1843, to October, 1844, at which time he became first lieutenant in the 1st U. S. dragoons. He was stationed at Fort Towson, Indiana Territory, until the spring of 1845, and was then at Fort Washita and on recruiting duty until March. 1846. He was then in charge of recruits en route from Newport barracks to Fort Gibson, Indiana Territory, and then was stationed at Evansville, Indiana, Page 219 until July. He became captain in the 1st U. S. dragoons in February, 1847, and served in Texas and Mexico, participating in the Mexican war, until July, 1848. He was brevetted major in the U. S. army for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Buena Vista, and after the close of the war made the trip to California, via Chihuahua, and was stationed at Los Angeles until September. 1849. He then was engaged in aiding overland emigrants, and was stationed at Sacramento City and Benicia. California, until December. He was transferred to the quarter-master's department of the U. S. Army on November 30, and was on temporary duty until March, 1851. He was stationed at Forts Union, Conrad, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, from October 1851, to June, 1853, and at Fort Union, New Mexico, from October, 1853, to February, 1855. He was then in the field until April, and was depot quartermaster at Albuquerque. New Mexico, until November 1860. He was depot quartermaster at Washington. D. C, from April, 1861, to January, 1867, having been promoted to major and quartermaster, U. S. A., in August, 1861. colonel and aid-de-camp in September, brigadier-general U. S. volunteers in May, 1863, brevet major-general U. S. volunteers for faithful and meritorious services during the war, colonel and assistant quartermaster-general U. S. A. in July, 1866, and he was acting quartermaster-general U. S. A. at Washington, D. C, from January, 1867. to June, 1868. He was brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A. for diligent and faithful services during the war, and major-general U. S. A. on March 13. 1865, for faithful and meritorious services during the war. General Rucker was commissioned brigadier-general and quartermaster-general on February 13, 1882, and ten days later was retired from the service, taking up his residence in Washington, D. C.

Ruger, Thomas H., brigadier-general, was born at Lima, Livingston county, New York. on April 2, 1833. He was graduated at West Point in 1854, and placed in the engineer corps, U. S. A. He resigned on April 1, 1855, after service at New Orleans, Louisiana, and practiced law in Janesville, Wisconsin, until June, 1861, when he became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin regiment. He was made colonel on August 20, and brigadier-general on November 20, 1862, serving in the Rappahannock campaigns, commanding a division at Gettysburg, and helping to put down the draft riots in New York in 1863. He guarded the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad in Tennessee until April, 1864; then led his brigade, under Sherman, until November, and on November 30. 1864, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for services at the battle of Franklin and placed in charge of a division of the 23d corps against General Hood's army in Tennessee. Organizing a division at Nashville, he led it, from February to June, 1865, in North Carolina, and then commanded that department until June, 1866. He was made a colonel in the regular army on being mustered out, July 28. 1866, and on March 2. 1867, was brevetted brigadier-general for services at Gettysburg. He was detailed by General Meade on January 13, 1868. as governor of Georgia, which duty he performed until July of the same year. General Ruger was superintendent of the U. S. military academy at West Point. 1871-76; in command of the Department of the South, 1876-78, having in charge the U. S. troops in South Carolina during the state government troubles, and later was in command of stations in the West and South. He was made a brigadier-general on March 19. 1886. He had charge of the Department of Missouri during April and May. 1886, and took charge of the Department of Dakota in 1888. He was commissioned major-general on February 8, 1895. and was placed upon the retired list. April 2, 1897.

Russell, David A., brigadier-general, was born at Salem, Washington county, New York, December 10, 1820. In 1841 he entered the U. S. military academy at West Point, in which he graduated in July, 1845, and was assigned to the 4th regular infantry and stationed on the Pacific coast. He remained there two years, and during the time was brevetted captain. At the commencement of the Civil war he was appointed colonel of the 7th Massachusetts regiment which he led under General McClellan through the Peninsular campaign. He was made brevet major in the regular army for gallantry at the battle of Williamsburg, took part in the battle of Fair Oaks, and was promoted a full major in the 8th infantry; and for meritorious and gallant services throughout the Peninsular campaign he was made lieutenant-colonel by brevet in the regular army. In November, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded the brigade on the left of the line at Fredericksburg in December, at Salem heights in May, 1863, in the expedition to Beverly and Kelly's fords in June, and at Gettysburg in July of the same year. He presented the War department with the colors that his brigade captured on the Rappahannock, and was complimented by Secretary Stanton for his important services and gallant conduct while in command of his brigade. In November, 1863, he was placed in command of a division, and led the 1st division of the 6th army corps through the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania. Cold Harbor, and before Petersburg. At the battle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19, 1864, General Russell, while at the head of his division, was shot and instantly killed by a cannon ball. He was given the brevets of major-general of volunteers and major-general U. S. A. for gallant and meritorious service at the battle in which he was killed.

Rutherford, Friend S., brigadier-general, was born in the state of New York, but in early life took up his residence in the state of Illinois. On June 30, 1862, he was made captain commissary of subsistence and served in that capacity until September 2, when he resigned and assisted in the organization of the 97th Illinois infantry. This regiment was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, in August and September, 1862, and upon September 16, Friend S. Rutherford was commissioned as its colonel. After some preliminary service it became a part of the forces operating against Vicksburg, and Colonel Rutherford and his recr.nent bore their full share in the spirited engagement at Port Gibson. At the fierce battle of Champion's hill Colonel Rutherford had the not very pleasant duty of holding his regiment as a target for the Confederate artillery for at least two hours, and at a distance of not over 800 yards. The next morning he led his regiment on to the Black river and took part in the fight at that place. On May 19 and 22, he led it in both the charges at Vicksburg, and it never failed to go as far as any other organization, and as a rule much farther. He then took part in the contest at Jackson, and under his leadership his regiment distinguished itself sufficiently to be praised by Major-General William T. Sherman, commanding the expeditionary army. The remainder of his service was spent in Louisiana, where his regiment did guard duty, but owing to serious ill health he resigned his position as colonel on June 15. 1864. On June 27, following his resignation, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, but he had died on June 20, 1864. seven days previous to his nomination. Salomon, Frederick, brigadier-general, was born in Prussia, but early in life migrated to America. Upon the breaking out of the Civil war he became a captain in the 5th Missouri infantry, being mustered into the service on May 19, 1861, and he served with that regiment during its three months' term of enlistment, being mustered out Page 221 on August 14. During this term of service he participated in the battles of Dry Forks and Wilson's creek, having joined General Lyon's expedition toward Fayetteville, Arkansas After' being mustered out of the three months' service he assisted in raising the 9th Wisconsin infantry, of which he became colonel on November 26, 1861, and with it he first took part in the "Southwestern expedition" into Kansas, Missouri, and Indian territory. The regiment under his command routed two Confederate camps at Cowskin prairie, as well as a large camp of Confederate Indians en route, and took part in an engagement at Newtonia. He fought at Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, Terre Noir creek, Poison springs, and Jenkins' ferry, and on June 16, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in this capacity during the remainder of the war, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for meritorious service. He was honorably mustered out on August 24, 1865, and he died on March 8, 1897.

Sanborn, John B., brigadier-general, was born at Epsom, New Hampshire, on December 5, 1826. His early education was acquired at the village school, and he fitted for college with a view to devoting himself to the profession of law. He entered Dartmouth, was graduated, and then pursued a law course, being admitted to the bar in July, 1854. He at once removed to Minnesota, settling in St. Paul in December of that year. He founded a law practice, and interested himself in the politics of his state, being elected in 1858 to the position of adjutant-general of the state. At the outbreak of the Civil war General Sanborn was serving as quartermaster-general, and the duty of raising and equipping the volunteer soldiers to fill the quota for Minnesota fell upon him. Early in 1862 he accepted a commission as colonel of the 4th Minnesota volunteers, and with the regiment went to the front. His first engagement was at the battle of Iuka on September 19, when he commanded the 1st brigade of General Hamilton's left wing of the army under Rosecrans. In the official report General Sanborn was highly commended, and he was promoted to be a brigadier-general of volunteers, but the U. S. senate failed to confirm the commission. He participated in the battles of Grant which led to the fall of Vicksburg, and upon the surrender, July 4, 1863, he was selected to lead the advance guard into the city, and afterward to superintend the paroling and disbanding of the 31,600 Confederate soldiers captured. This honor was conferred by reason of his gallant conduct during the Vicksburg campaign, and especially for bravery and skill displayed at the capture of Jackson, Mississippi, on May 14. In November General Sanborn assumed command of the district of southwest Missouri, where he opposed General Price, and either at the head of a brigade or division of cavalry he fought in the battles of Jefferson City, Boonville, Independence, Big Blue, Osage, and Newtonia. After the Civil war ended he conducted a campaign against the Indians, in the summer and fall of 1865, and restored quiet on the border by treaties with hostile tribes. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on February 10, 1865, and was honorably mustered out of the service on April 30, 1866.

Sanders, William P., brigadier-general, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, August 12, 1833. He was graduated in the U. S. military academy in 1856, became 1st lieutenant on May 1, 1861, and on the 14th of that month was promoted captain in the 6th U. S. cavalry. He participated in the battles of Yorktown. Williamsburg, Mechanicsville, and Hanover Court House, during the Peninsular campaign, became colonel of the 5th Kentucky cavalry in March, 1863, and engaged in pursuit of Morgan's raiders in July and August. He acted as Page 222 chief of cavalry in the Department of the Ohio in October and November, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on October 18, and took part in the actions at Blue springs and Lenoir's station. General Sanders was mortally wounded at Campbell's station, and died two days later, November 18, 1863, at Knoxville, Tennessee.

Saxton, Rufus, brigadier-general, was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, October 19, 1824. He received an academic education, and was graduated at the West Point military academy in 1849. He was assigned to the 3d artillery, took part in an exploring expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1853 and 1854, and in 1855 was promoted to be first lieutenant. Between 1855 and 1861 he was engaged on the coast survey and as instructor at West Point. At the opening of the Civil war he served under General McClellan in western Virginia, and as quartermaster to General T. W. Sherman in the Port Royal expedition, and on April 15, 1862, was raised to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. For a few weeks in 1862 he was commander at Harper's Ferry, where he repulsed an attack by General Ewell, and then, until 1865, was military governor of the Department of the South. On January 12, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, on April 9 he was given the brevet rank of brigadier-general in the regular army "for faithful and meritorious services during the war," and in July, 1866, was appointed quartermaster with the rank of major. He was made lieutenant-colonel and deputy quartermaster-general in June, 1872, and colonel and assistant quartermaster-general in March, 1882. From 1883 until 1888 he was stationed at Louisville, Kentucky, and in October of the latter year was placed on the retired list.

Scammon. Eliakim P., brigadier-general, was born in Whitefield. Lincoln county, Maine, December 27, 1816. He was graduated at West Point in 1837, and became second lieutenant in the 4th artillery. For more than a year he was at the academy as assistant professor of mathematics. In 1838 he was commissioned a second lieutenant of engineers, and later in the year he was sent to Florida, where he served in the Seminole war till its close in 1840. After spending a year in mapping the territories west of the Mississippi, he returned to the military academy as assistant professor of history, geography, and ethics. While he was engaged in superintending the survey of New Bedford harbor the Mexican war broke out, and he was ordered to staff duty under General Scott. After the war he was appointed assistant topographical engineer of the survey of the northwestern lakes, which occupied him until 1855, and during this assignment he was promoted captain. He retired from the army in 1856, and was a professor in Mount St. Mary's college, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856-58, and president of the Cincinnati Polytechnic college in 1859-61. He was commissioned colonel of the 23d Ohio volunteers in June. 1861, and served as commandant of Camp Chase, where volunteers were drilled before going to the front; in the western Virginia campaign, where he commanded a brigade under Generals Rosecrans and Cox; and in the Maryland campaign, in which he distinguished himself by leading a brilliant bayonet charge in the battle of South mountain. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallantry on the field. October 15, 1862; commanded the District of Kanawha from November, 1862, to February 3, 1864; and was a prisoner of war in Libby prison from February 3 till August 3. He was then placed in command of a separate brigade at Morris island during the operations against Charleston. South Carolina; was again taken prisoner: commanded the District of Florida from November, 1864, till April, 1865; and was mustered out of the service on August 24, 1865. Page 223 In 1866-70 he was United States consul at Prince Edward island; in 1870-75 was engaged in engineer work in New York harbor; and in 1875-85 was professor of mathematics and history in Seton Hall college, South Orange, New Jersey General Scammon died in New York harbor, December 7, 1894.

Schenck, Robert C, major-general, was born in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, October 7, 1809. He was graduated at Miama university in 1827, remained there three years as a tutor in French and Latin, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. Settling in Dayton, Ohio, he soon acquired a large practice, and entered political life as a Whig. In 1838 he was defeated as a candidate for the legislature, in 1840 stumped the state for William Henry Harrison, in 1841 was elected to the legislature, and in 1842 was re-elected to the legislature and also elected to Congress. In Congress he rendered conspicuous service both on the floor and in several committees to which he was appointed. He was re-elected three times, serving from 1843 to 1851, and during 1847-49 he was chairman of the committee on roads and canals, and had the opportunity for carrying out some of the plans he had formed for the internal improvement of several commercial sections in the western states. In 1850 he declined a renomination for Congress, and in 1851 was appointed United States minister to Brazil. During his two years residence in South America he negotiated commercial treaties with the states bordering the La Plata river, personally visiting Buenos Ayres. Montevideo, and the Uruguay, Paraguay, and Parana river regions. Returning to the United States in 1853, he resumed professional practice and was engaged in the management of the Fort Wayne railroad till the beginning of the Civil war. When the first call for volunteers was made, he offered his services to Governor Dennison, and was appointed a brigadier-general of state militia. On reaching the field he was placed in command of all the Ohio troops in eastern Virginia, and had his first encounter with the Confederates at Vienna, June 17, 1861. Soon afterward he was transferred to western Virginia, where he aided General Rosecrans in driving the Confederates from that department. In the spring of 1862 he succeeded General Lander in command at Cumberland, Maryland; on June 8 he commanded the right of General Fremont's army in the battle of Cross Keys; and during the interval between General Fremont's relief and General Sigel's assumption of the command of the 1st corps of the Army of Virginia General Schenck was its commander. On August 30, he was wounded in the second battle of Bull Run and had to retire from the field, and on September 18 he was promoted major-general United States volunteers, his commission dating from August 30. While on disability leave he was again elected to Congress as a Republican, where he was appointed chairman of the committee on military affairs, and, resigning his commission in the army, was re-elected to Congress in 1864, 1866, and 1868, and defeated in 1870. In 1870 he was appointed United States minister to England, but before departing he served by appointment as a member of the joint high commission, which resulted in the treaty of Washington, the Geneva arbitration, and the settlement of the "Alabama" controversy. While he was in England a charge was preferred against him of complicity in the celebrated' Emma mine fraud, and as a result of such charge he resigned his position and returned home to appear before a committee of investigation. He was completely exonerated by the committee, but never re-entered public life, and he died in the city of Washington on March 23, 1890.

Schimmelfennig, Alexander, brigadier-general, was born in Germany Page 224 in 1824, and was an officer under Kossuth in the Hungarian revolt. Then immigrating to America, at the breaking out of the Civil war he was appointed colonel of the 74th Pennsylvania infantry, and served under General Sigel during the Virginia campaign of General Pope. He was nominated a brigadier-general of volunteers for his services at Bull Run, his commission bearing date of November 29, 1862. At Chancellorsville he commanded the 1st brigade of General Schurz's division of General Howard's 11th corps, and was at Gettysburg with the same command. General Schimmelfennig's forces were the first to enter Charleston, on February 18, 1865, when flanked by General Sherman. For some time he remained in command of the defences of the city, but was finally relieved on account of ill health, the result of his exposure during the war, and, retiring to his home in Pennsylvania, rapidly sank under consumption, and he died at Minersville. near Pottsville, Pennsylvania, on September 7, 1865.

Schofield, John M., major-general, was born in Chautauqua county, New York, September 29, 1831. His father, a clergyman, removed to Bristol, Illinois, when the son was about twelve years of age, and in 1845 to Freeport, in the same state. In June. 1849, young Schofield entered the U. S. military academy, being graduated in 1853 seventh in the same class with Generals McPherson, Sheridan, Sill, Terrill, R. O. Tyler, and the Confederate Hood. On July 1, 1853, he was made brevet second lieutenant of artillery, serving at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, and on August 31, second lieutenant of the 1st artillery, stationed in Florida, 1854-55. From November 19, 1855. till August 28, 1860, he was at the West Point military academy, as acting assistant, and then as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy. While on leave of absence for one year he held the chair of professor of physics at Washington university, St. Louis, Missouri, but when the Civil war began he waived the remainder of his leave, and was made mustering officer of Missouri, April 20, 1861, serving one month. By permission of the war department, he accepted the commission of major of the 1st Missouri volunteers on April 26, and on May 14 he received the rank of captain in the 1st artillery of the regular army, remaining, however, with the Missouri troops. As chief of staff to General Nathaniel Lyon, he participated in the engagements of Dug springs and Curran P. O.. August 2, 3, and 4, and the battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10. In the fall of the same year he was charged with the conversion of the 1st Missouri infantry into an artillery regiment, and with battery A, hastily forwarded from St. Louis, took part in the battle of Fredericktown, Missouri, on October 21. On November 21 he was appointed by the president brigadier-general of volunteers, and on the 26th he received the same commission from the governor of Missouri in the Missouri state militia, with orders to organize and equip a force of 10,000, to be at the service of the Federal government, within the limits of the state, while the war should last, and which should relieve the main armies for service in more important fields. From September 26. 1862, until April, 1863, he organized and commanded the Army of the Frontier in the southwest part of the state and in northwest Arkansas, driving the Confederates south of the Arkansas river, having been made major-general of volunteers on November 29, 1862. For about one month, April 20 to May 13, 1863, General Schofield commanded the 3d division of the 14th army corps, but was assigned to the command of the Department of the Missouri, and retained it until January 31, 1864, sending troops to assist General Grant in the capture of Vicksburg, operating successfully to obtain possession of the line of the Arkansas river, and clearing the state of guerrilla and border war. With the Army of the Ohio, of which he Page 225 was in command, he took part in all the battles and operations of the entire Atlanta campaign, viz., the demonstration at Buzzard Roost gap, the battles of Resaca and Dallas, the movement against and engagements near Lost mountain, the action of Kolb's farm, the battle of Kennesaw mountain, the passage of the Chattahoochee, and the battles near and siege of Atlanta, ending in the capture of that city on September 2, 1864. In October General Schofield was sent by General Sherman to the assistance of General George H. Thomas in Tennessee, commanding the troops in the field opposed to General Hood from November 3 till December 1. Falling back from Pulaski to Columbia, skirmishing, and from the latter place to Spring Hill, he finally gave battle at Franklin on November 30. He also participated in the battle of Nashville, which terminated the campaign, on December 15 and 16, and was engaged in the pursuit of Hood's army until January 14, 1865. His commission of brigadier-general in the U. S. army was dated from the battle of Franklin, and on March 13, 1865, he also received the rank of brevet major-general, U. S. A., for "gallant and meritorious services" in the same battle. General Schofield then operated with General Sherman in the final campaign against General Johnston, and after the surrender he remained in command of the Department of North Carolina until June 21. After the war he visited Europe on a special mission, relative to the occupation of Mexico by French troops. From August 16, 1866, till June, 1868, he was in command first of the Department of the Potomac, and then of the 1st military district of Virginia, as confirmed under the reconstruction laws. On June 2, 1868, he was appointed secretary of war by President Johnson, retaining the office under President Grant until March 14, 1869, and on March 4 of the same year he was made major-general in the regular army. From March 20, 1869, till May 3, 1870, he was in command of the Department of the Missouri, and from the last date to July, 1876, of the Division of the Pacific. Then until January 21, 1881, he was superintendent of the military academy at West Point, and commander of the Department of West Point. For a few months thereafter he commanded the Division of the Gulf, but on October 15, 1882, he again commanded the Division of the Pacific, and on November 8, 1883, he succeeded General Sheridan in command of the Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, Illinois From April 2. 1886, he commanded the Division of the Atlantic, and on August 14, 1888, on the death of General Sheridan, was assigned by President Cleveland to command the U. S. army, with headquarters at Washington, D. C. He occupied this position until September 29. 1895, when he was retired from the service, the rank of lieutenant-general having been conferred upon him on February 5 of that year. General Schofield died of cerebral hemorrhage at St. Augustine, Florida, on March 4. 1906.

Schoepf, Albin, brigadier-general, was born in Hungary, and in early manhood migrated to America, taking up his residence in the state of Maryland. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he espoused the Federal cause, and on September 30, 1861, was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in this capacity during his entire military service, performing in an excellent manner the duties assigned him, and he was honorably mustered out on January 15. 1866. General Schoepf died on May 10, 1886.

Schurz, Carl, major-general, was born at Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, on March 2, 1829. -He was educated at the Gymnasium of Cologne and the University of Bonn, entering the latter in 1846. Being concerned in the publication of a revolutionary journal during the troubles of 1848, he was forced to fly from Bonn in consequence of the failure of an insurrection he had been instrumental in Page 226 fomenting. He entered the revolutionary army in the south of Germany and took part in the defense of Rastadt, escaping to Switzerland on the surrender of this fortress and returning secretly to Germany. On the night of November 6, 1850, he succeeded in liberating his friend and former editorial partner from the fortress of Spandau, and together they reached Scotland, going thence to Paris, where, during the spring of 1851, Schurz acted as correspondent for several German journals. Later in that year he removed to London, where he occupied himself as a teacher, married, and came to America, locating first in Philadelphia, but settling finally in 1855 in Watertown, Wisconsin Entering politics and connecting himself with the newly formed Republican party, as early as 1856 he was known as an effective orator through the speeches he had made in the German language, being one of the most potent factors in turning the German element in the state against the extension of slavery. He was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant-governor of his adopted state in 1857, and took part in the senatorial canvas in Illinois between Douglas and Lincoln, making his first political speech in English, which was widely circulated as a campaign document. He next established himself in the practice of law at Milwaukee, but made many electioneering tours throughout the country. He was a member of the national Republican convention of 1860 arid had great influence in shaping its platform, particularly that part which related to the citizens of foreign birth. In the subsequent campaign he spoke both in English and German, and when Mr. Lincoln became president Schurz was sent as minister to Spain, but he resigned his post in December, 1861, to enter the army. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers in April, 1862, and took command of a division in the corps of General Franz Sigel. He distinguished himself at the second battle of Bull Run, was commissioned major-general of volunteers on March 14, 1863, was given command of a division of O. O. Howard's corps and took part in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg and Chattanooga. After the close of the war President Johnson sent General Schurz through the southern states to inquire into the workings of the Freedmen's bureau. In January. 1869, he was chosen U. S. senator from Missouri for the term ending in 1875. With Senator Sumner he vigorously opposed some of President Grant's measures, and in 1872 presided over the convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for the presidency. Many of the members of the "liberal party" affiliated with the Democrats after the election of 1872, but in 1876 Mr. Schurz supported General Hayes, who, after becoming president called Mr. Schurz into his cabinet as secretary of the interior. After the close of the Hayes administration, Mr. Schurz became editor of the "Evening Post" in New York and remained in that position until 1884. He continued to take an active interest in public affairs and was noted for his earnestness and independence up to the time of his death, which event occurred in the city of New York on May 14, 1906.

Scott, Robert K., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, and was reared and educated in his native commonwealth. Early in the Mexican war he entered the military service of the United States as a captain in the 1st regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers, the date of his enlistment being December 16, 1846. He served in that capacity during the two years of warfare and was honorably mustered out on July 31, 1848. A few years later he removed to Ohio and established his home in Napoleon, at which place he was residing at the outbreak of the Civil war. He offered his services to the Federal cause, and on November 30, 1861, he was mustered in as lieutenant-colonel of the 67th Ohio infantry. On July 12, 1862, he was promoted to Page 227 colonel of his regiment, and with it was actively engaged in guard duty until the spring of 1863, when he became actively engaged in the Vicksburg campaign. He moved with his command to Bruinsburg, there crossed the river, and by a forced march was able to participate in the battle of Thompson's hill, on May 1. He followed closely after the retreating Confederates., was engaged in the battles of Raymond, Jackson, and Champion's hill, and he also participated in an attack on the Confederate works in the rear of Vicksburg on May 18, and in the assault on Fort hill on the 22nd. At the head of his regiment he was actively engaged through the entire siege until the capitulation of the Confederate forces, and in October he moved on a reconnoissance with the 17th corps and was engaged in a skirmish at Bogue Chitto creek, also participating in the fights at Clinton and Jackson, while moving on the Meridian raid. He joined Sherman in the Atlanta campaign, and with his regiment was on the advance line for sixty-five days and nights, being engaged at Kennesaw mountain, Nickajack, Atlanta July 22 and 28. Jonesboro, and Lovejoy. Then came the march to the sea, and up through the Carolinas, through the progress of which, on January 12, 1865, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and on December 5, 1865. was given the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers, for meritorious services. After the close of the war he served as military governor of South Carolina, and he resigned from the service on July 6, 1868. General Scott died on August 12, 1900.

Scott, Winfield, major-general, was born in Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786. After spending two years in William and Mary college he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and the following year went to Charleston with the intention of settling there, but before he had fairly entered upon the practice of his profession, Congress, in view of imminent hostilities with England, passed a bill to enlarge the army and he obtained a commission as captain of light artillery and entered upon his career as a soldier. Recruiting a company he was stationed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the division commanded by General Wilkinson. War having been declared against Great Britain in June, 1812, Captain Scott was made a lieutenant-colonel in the 2nd artillery the following month, and was stationed at Black Rock with two companies of his regiment. Taking part in the battle of Queenstown heights, the field was at first won under his direction; but it was finally lost and himself and his command taken prisoners, from the refusal of the troops at Lewiston to cross to their assistance. Exchanged in January, 1813, immediately after the capture of York, Upper Canada, Scott rejoined the army on the frontier as adjutant to General Dearborn, with the rank of colonel. He took part in the expedition against Fort George; landed his men in good order and scaled a steep height in the presence of the enemy, carrying the position at the point of the bayonet. He served well in Wilkinson's campaign, was made a brigadier-general in March, 1814, and immediately thereafter established a camp of instruction at Buffalo, where his own and other officers were drilled into thorough and accurate discipline. He now served a vigorous and brilliant campaign, being present at the taking of Fort Erie, winning the battle of Chippewa, and doing good service at Lundy's lane, where he was twice severely wounded. For his gallant conduct Scott was brevetted major-general, his commission dating July 25, 1814, the day of the battle of Lundy's lane. He also received a gold medal from Congress, and was tendered a position in the cabinet as secretary of war. which he declined. He led the troops in the Black Hawk war of 1832, and the latter part of the same Page 228 year went south to command the national troops at Charleston and elsewhere, during the nullification excitement, where his prudence, tact, and discretion, saved the country from what seemed the inevitable danger of intestine war. In 1835 he was ordered to Florida, but recalled and employed in the Creek war, and afterward sent before a court of inquiry, but dismissed with honor. In the frontier troubles connected with the Canadian rebellion of 1837, and subsequently with the disputes two years later on the northeastern boundary line, and with the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia in the 30's, General Scott was efficient, conciliating and useful, as an officer and negotiator. In 1841, upon the death of General Macomb, General Scott was placed at the head of the army as general-in-chief, with full rank as major-general, and upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico he was ordered thither. The battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey having been fought he took the field in time for the projected capture of Vera Cruz, which he invested on March 12, 1847, commencing the bombardment on the 22nd. On the 26th overtures of surrender were made, and ten days later the army moved on to Mexico; defeated the Mexican army under General Santa Anna, at Cerro Gordo on April 18; entered Jalapa the day after; occupied the strong castle and town of La Perote on the 22nd, and the city of Puebla May 15. Contreras, San Antonio, and Churubusco, strong fortifications, were each taken in turn at the point of the bayonet. Molino del Rey and Casa de Mata, dependencies of Chapultepec, were carried by assault on September 8, and, after a determined siege of several days a breach was finally effected in the strong walls of the military college at the castle of Chapultepec, and the following night Santa Anna marched out with the small remnant of his army, and the city of Mexico was at the mercy of Scott. This virtually ended the war, and the honors bestowed upon the successful commander by his country were numerous and enthusiastic, and included a vote of thanks by Congress. In 1848 General Scott was a candidate for the Whig nomination for the presidency, and in 1852 was nominated, but he was defeated at the election by General Franklin Pierce. In February, 1855, he was brevetted lieutenant-general, to take rank from March 29, 1847, in commemoration of his bravery in Mexico. The Civil war found him still in command of the army, and every inducement was offered him by the South to join their cause; but his loyalty was proof against them, and he threw the weight of his well-earned reputation upon the side of the government. During the early part of the war General Scott was much in consultation with the government, and did his best to perform his official duties as general-in-chief, but he was now too infirm for so colossal a charge, and on October 31, 1861, he retired from office, retaining, by special act of Congress, his pay and allowances. He died at West Point, N.Y., on May 29, 1866.

Sedgwick, John, major-general, was born in Connecticut about 1815. He was graduated at West Point in 1837, twenty-fourth in a class of fifty members, among whom were Generals Benham, Hooker, Arnold, French, and others of the Federal service, and the Confederate Generals Bragg, Early, and Pemberton. He entered the Mexican war as first lieutenant of artillery, and was successively brevetted captain and major for gallant conduct at Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. He also distinguished himself at the head of his command in the attack on the San Cosmo gate of the city of Mexico. At the outbreak of the Civil war he held the position of lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd U. S. cavalry. On April 25, 1861, he was promoted Page 229 to the colonelcy of the 4th cavalry, and on August 31 was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a brigade of the Army of the Potomac, which in the subsequent organization of the army was assigned to the 2nd corps, under General Sumner, General Sedgwick assuming command of the 3d division of the corps. In this capacity he took part in the siege of Yorktown and the subsequent pursuit of the enemy up the Peninsula, and greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Fair Oaks, where the timely arrival of Sumner's troops saved the day. In all the seven days' fighting, and particularly at Savage Station and Glendale, he bore an honorable part, and at the battle of Antietam he exhibited the most conspicuous gallantry, exposing his person with a recklessness which greatly imperiled his life. On this occasion he was twice wounded, but refused for two hours to be taken from the field. On December 23, 1862, he was nominated by the president a major-general of volunteers, having previously been made a brevet brigadier-general of the regular army, and in the succeeding February he assumed command of the 6th army corps. At the head of these troops he carried Marye's heights in the rear of Fredericksburg during the Chancellorsville campaign in May, 1863, and after the retreat of General Hooker across the Rappahannock, succeeded only by very hard fighting in withdrawing his command in the face of a superior force, against which he had contended for a whole day, to the left bank of the river. He commanded the left wing of the Army of the Potomac during the advance from the Rappahannock into Maryland in June, and also at the succeeding battle of Gettysburg, where he arrived on the second day of the fighting, after one of the most extraordinary forced marches on record, and where his steady courage inspired confidence among his tried troops. During the passage of the Rapidan on November 7 he succeeded by a well-executed maneuver in capturing a whole Confederate division with a number of guns and colors, for which he was thanked by General Meade in a general order. In command of his corps he took part in the spring campaign of the Wilderness, under General Grant, and on May 5 and 6 had position on the Federal right wing, where the hardest fighting of those sanguinary engagements took place. On May 9, 1864, while directing the placing of some pieces of artillery in position in the intrenchments in front of Spottsylvania Court House, he was struck in the head by a bullet from a sharpshooter and instantly killed.

Seward, William H., Jr., brigadier-general, was born in Auburn, New York, June 18, 1839, being the son of the eminent statesman of the same name. He was carefully educated at home and entered business in a banking institution at Auburn in 1861, but shortly afterward enlisted in the volunteer service as lieutenant-colonel of the 138th New York infantry. He was an energetic officer and was shortly promoted to the colonelcy of the 9th New York heavy artillery. Colonel Seward's regiment saw considerable service in the battle of the Wilderness and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor. He was given command of Fort Foote, Maryland, and was engaged in the battle of Monocacy. where he received a slight wound, but not sufficiently serious to prevent his retaining his command. On September 13, 1864, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and was for a season in command at Martinsburg, Virginia. but on June 1, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to Auburn, where he resumed his banking business.

Seymour, Truman, brigadier-general, was born in Burlington. Vermont, September 25, 1824. He was graduated at the United States military Page 230 academy and appointed brevet 2nd lieutenant 1st artillery, July 1, 1846; was promoted 2nd lieutenant March 3, and 1st lieutenant August 26, 1847; captain November 22, 1860; was transferred to the 5th artillery, May 14, 1861; promoted major, Aug 13, 1866; and was retired, November 1, 1876. In the volunteer army he was commissioned brigadier-general on April 26, 1862; brevetted major-general on March 13, 1865, and was mustered out of the service on August 24, following. During his military career he was brevetted 1st lieutenant on April 18, 1847, for gallantry at Cerro Gordo; captain on August 20 following, for conduct at Contreras and Churubusco; major on April 13, 1861, for the defense of Fort Sumter; lieutenant-colonel, September 14, and colonel September 17, 1862, for gallantry at South mountain and Antietam; and brigadier-general and major-general on March 13, 1865, for services at Petersburg and during the war, and for "ability and energy in handling his division and for gallantry and valuable services in action." In his long service he distinguished himself in the Mexican, the Seminole, and the Civil wars. He was a member of Major Anderson's staff in the defense of Fort Sumter. Among his brilliant feats in the Civil war were his leading in the unsuccessful assault on Fort Wagner, where he was severely wounded, and his three hours' battle with the Confederates under General Joseph Finegan, near Olustee, Florida, whence he was forced to retire to Jacksonville. He was taken prisoner in the battle of the Wilderness on May 6, 1864, and, by order of General Samuel Jones, was placed in the line of fire of the Federal batteries on Morris island. After his release on August 9, he commanded a division in the Shenandoah valley and Richmond campaigns, and was conspicuous in the siege of and final attack on Petersburg. After the war he commanded forts in Florida, Fort Warren, Massachusetts, and Fort Preble, Maine, till his retirement. He then lived in Europe, most of the time in Florence, Italy, at which place he died on October 30, 1891.

Shackelford, James M., brigadier-general, was born in Lincoln county Kentucky, on July 7, 1827, and received an academic education in the schools of Springfield in his native state. Having barely arrived at manhood when the Mexican war broke out he enlisted in the United States service and became a lieutenant in Co. I of the 4th Kentucky regiment. After the close of that conflict he returned home, began the study of law, was admitted to the Kentucky bar in 1853, and practiced his profession until the outbreak of the Civil war. In the early fall of 1861 he recruited the 25th Kentucky infantry, was commissioned colonel of the same on January 1, 1862, and with it was engaged in the fighting at Donelson. He also bore his part in the battle of Shiloh, fighting during the entire first day's battle and had his regiment in the advance on the second day. In the month of April, after the battle of Shiloh. the 25th regiment was consolidated with the 17th, and with this consolidated command Colonel Shackelford moved to Corinth and was engaged in severe skirmishing, lasting nearly all the night before the evacuation, and was with the first troops to enter the place. On September 13, 1862, Colonel Shackleford became colonel of the 8th Kentucky cavalry, with the first battalion of which he attacked Adam Johnson's command at Geiger's lake and dispersed the enemy, but in the fight he was wounded, receiving a shot through the foot. Colonel Shackelford was given the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers on March 17, 1863, and his principal service in that capacity was as leader in the pursuit and capture of Morgan, in July, although he later commanded a cavalry corps consisting of sixteen regiments in the Army of the Ohio. He resigned his commission on January 18, 1864, and returned to peaceful pursuits, Page 231 making the practice of law his chief occupation. In 1889 he received the appointment as judge of the United States court for the Indian Territory, and he filled that position until 1893, after which he resumed the practice of law at Muscogee, Indiana Territory, becoming attorney for the Choctaw Nation.

Shaler, Alexander, brigadier-general, was born in Haddam, Connecticut, May 19, 1827, and was educated in private schools. When eighteen years old he joined the New York state militia as a private in the 8th regiment, and was subsequently transferred to the noted 7th regiment. He was a close student of tactics and won repeated promotions—having served in turn as corporal, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, and major, which last-named rank he reached on December 13, 1860. When the 65th regiment. New York volunteers, was recruited for service in the Civil war in 1861, Major Shaler was appointed its lieutenant-colonel in June, and became its colonel in July, 1862, serving with distinction in the Army of the Potomac up to the fall of 1863. He was then given command of the military prison at Johnson's island, Ohio, serving through the winter of 1863-64, when he rejoined the Army of the Potomac, having been commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on May 26, 1863. He fought in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac up to that of the Wilderness, where he was captured and carried a prisoner of war to Macon, Georgia In Charleston, South Carolina, he was held during the summer of 1864 a prisoner under the fire of Federal batteries. He was subsequently exchanged and commanded a division in the 7th corps, serving in the Southwest until the close of the war, and was mustered out of service on August 24, 1865, having received the brevet of major-general of volunteers on July 27. On retiring from the army General Shaler continued his interest in military affairs, and was appointed major-general of the 1st division of the National Guard of New York, serving from 1867-86.

Shepard, Isaac F., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Massachusetts. In early life he removed to Missouri and was a resident of that state at the time of the breaking out of the Civil war. He at once offered his services in defense of the Federal cause, and on June 18, 1861. was appointed assistant adjutant-general of the state of Missouri with the rank of major. On August 30 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Missouri infantry, and upon the consolidation of that regiment with the 3d Missouri infantry on January 18, 1862, he was commissioned colonel. With four companies of the regiment he marched to southwest Missouri and was in the battle of Pea ridge. He led his entire regiment as a part of General Curtis' army in the expedition to Helena, Arkansas, and on December 12 became a part of the Army of the Mississippi. On May 9, 1863, he became colonel of the 51st U. S. colored infantry and commanded that organization until October 27, 1863, when he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He served until his commission expired, on July 4, 1864. and he then left the service and devoted his attention to peaceful pursuits. He died on August 25, 1889.

Shepley, George F., brigadier-general, was born in Saco, Maine, January 1, 1819. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1837, and after studying law at the Harvard law school he began practice in Bangor, Maine, but in 1844 removed to Portland. In 1850 he was elected to the state senate, and from 1853 to June, 1861, he was United States district attorney for Maine, having been appointed to that office by President Pierce and continued in it by President Buchanan. In 1860 he was a delegate at large to the national Democratic convention at Charleston, and attended its adjourned session Page 232 at Baltimore. In the autumn of 1861 he became colonel of the 12th Maine volunteers, with which he arrived at Ship island in February, 1862. He was then placed in command of the 3d brigade, and on the occupation of New Orleans he was made military commandant of that city. In June, 1862, he was appointed governor of Louisiana, and in July was made a brigadier-general of volunteers. After the inauguration of a civil governor of Louisiana General Shepley was placed in command of the military district of Eastern Virginia. He afterward became chief of staff to Major-General Weitzel, and for a short time during the absence of that officer commanded the 25th army corps. He continued with the Army of the James to the end of the war, and after the entry into Richmond he was made the first military governor of that city. He resigned his commission in the army on July 1, 1865, and in 1866 he was elected as a Republican to the Maine legislature. In 1860 he was appointed United States circuit judge for the 1st circuit, in which position he continued till the time of his death, that event occurring at Portland, Maine, on July 20, 1878.

Sheridan, Philip H., major-general, was born at Albany, New York, March 6, 1831, but while he was yet in his infancy his parents removed to Somerset, Ohio, and some of his earlier biographers have made the error of naming the latter as the place of his birth. His father was a contractor for the building of roads, and was away from home a great deal, so that Sheridan was reared by his mother, and at the village school learned the rudimentary English branches. The ambition to be a soldier had already evinced itself, but as soon as he could do so he entered a country store at a salary of $24 per year; thence he went to another store, where his pay was $60 per annum, and finally secured a situation where he earned $120 for twelve months' labor as book-keeper and general manager. It is said that up to the time he was sixteen years old he had never been ten miles away from Somerset after his parents located there. At this period he applied to the member of Congress from his district for an appointment as cadet at the United States military academy. The answer was the enclosure of his warrant as such cadet, and the direction that he report at the academy on June 1, 1848. Passing the preliminary examinations without trouble, he was aided by Cadet Henry Warner Slocum of New York, who was his roommate, in studies of which he knew nothing upon his entry into the institution. In 1852, his graduating year, Sheridan was suspended from the academy for his action in some trouble with another cadet, but he afterward joined the class of 1853 and was graduated with it, rating the thirty-fourth in a class of fifty-two. He was assigned to the 1st U. S. Infantry, but was soon afterward transferred to the 4th. In 1856 he was stationed in Washington territory, defending the cascades of the Columbia river against Indians. In May, 1861, he became a captain, and in December was appointed chief quartermaster and commissary in southwest Missouri, on the staff of Major-General Curtis. He was quartermaster at General Halleck's headquarters in April, 1862, but in response to an application from the governor of Michigan, who wanted an educated soldier to command the 2nd Michigan cavalry, Sheridan was made its colonel, and so received his first command. In the advance on Corinth he participated in several engagements, and on June 2, 1862, he was placed in command of the 2nd cavalry brigade of the Army of the Mississippi. At the battle of Booneville on July 1, where he was attacked by a force of Confederates at least 4.5oo strong, he converted his defence into an offensive movement by detaching a part Page 233 of his force to take his foe in the rear and flank, and the surprised enemy, utterly routed, fled from the field. For this he received his star and commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, dating July i; on October 1 he found himself in command of the 11th division of the army, and on the 8th of that month he took part in the sanguinary battle of Perryville, holding the key-point of the position and defending it successfully against several attacks of the enemy. In the battle of Stone's river Sheridan sustained four separate attacks, and four times repulsed the enemy. On recommendation of General William. S. Rosecrans, the U. S. commander in that engagement, he was' now made major-general of volunteers, dating from the first day of the battle of Stone's rive/. He remained with the Army of the Cumberland in its march toward the Chickamauga creek, and in the battle of that name, September 19-20, 1863, he did his best to beat back the furious storm which so nearly destroyed the Federal army, and he never displayed more stubborn courage or military skill in a subordinate sphere than on that eventful day. The battle of Missionary ridge was fought two months later, and it w.as Sheridan who, with his division, carried the ridge under a hot enfilading fire from thirty pieces of Confederate artillery, and a tempest of musketry from well-filled rifle pits on its summit; worked his way up to the front till he reached the highest crest, and then went thundering down the ridge until within 5oo yards of the headquarters of the Confederate commanding general, Bragg. Competent authority declares that in this battle he really did as much as in any other to earn what finally came to him. the generalship of the U. S. army. He took command of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac on April 4, 1864, and at once set about making it a fighting force, rather than a defensive picket-line for the infantry and artillery. In June he was sent to cut the Virginia Central railroad and unite with General Hunter, who was then marching up the valley of Virginia, and it was expected that this movement would draw off the Confederate cavalry and leave the James river free to the unimpeded passage of General Grant's army. It did so, Sheridan having on his route, however, to fight a smart battle at Trevilian Station, as he also did at Darbytown, Virginia, in the month of July. Soon thereafter Sheridan came to the leadership of the Army of the Shenandoah, by direct appointment of General Grant, after personally visiting Sheridan, and without consulting the government at Washington. Sheridan attacked Early on September 19, and after a severe struggle scattered the enemy in all directions, sending them "whirling through Winchester," Virginia, and on September 22, after pursuing Early, struck him again in flank and rear at Fisher's hill, where the Virginia valley is but three miles wide. While he was in Winchester on October 19, his wily foe. Early, surprised the Federal forces in their camp at Cedar creek, and drove back large portions of them for six or seven miles in great disorder. This occasioned the famous ride, celebrated in song and story, and what appeared like disastrous defeat was turned into a decided victory. Sheridan was at once made a major-general in the U. S. regular army, in President Lincoln's words, "For the personal gallantry, military skill, and just confidence in the courage and gallantry of your troops, displayed by you on October 19. at Cedar run, whereby, under the blessing of Providence, your routed army was reorganized, a great national disaster averted, and a brilliant victory achieved over the rebels for the third time in pitched battle within thirty days." General Sheridan's career from this time until the surrender of Lee is a part of the history of the final days of the war, and after the surrender Page 234 he had charge of the Department of the Gulf, and later he was commander of the Department of Missouri. He was made U. S. lieutenant-general in 1869, when General Grant was elected president, the western and southwestern military divisions of the United States were under his command in 1878, and when General Sherman was retired in 1883, Sheridan became general-in-chief of the regular army, being the nineteenth officer who had attained that rank. General Sheridan died at Nonquitt, Massachusetts, August 5, 1888.

Sherman, Francis T., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Connecticut, and in early life located in Illinois, where he was residing at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. After serving for a short period with the 56th Illinois infantry he was honorably mustered out on February 5, 1862, and on March 8, following, he became major in the 12th Illinois cavalry. With his regiment he remained at Camp Butler, Illinois, guarding Confederate prisoners until June 25, when he accompanied his command to Martinsburg, West Virginia He was again honorably mustered out on August 26, 1862, and on September 4, following, was promoted to colonel of the 88th Illinois infantry, organized at Chicago and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." He accompanied this regiment to Louisville, Kentucky, going into camp below Jeffersonville, and led it in the engagement at Perryville. His next conflict with the enemy was in the battle of Stone's river, and he also participated in the battle of Chickamauga. His regiment with its gallant colonel in the lead formed part of the assaulting column upon the left center of the enemy's position at the battle of Missionary ridge, and was among the first to place its colors upon the enemy's works. He was with the advance, his regiment forming part of the 4th corps, throughout the whole of the Atlanta campaign, up to and including the capture of Atlanta— participating in the following principal battles and skirmishes: Rocky Face ridge, Resaca, Adairsville. New Hope Church. Pine mountain, Mud creek, Kennesaw mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station. He was also engaged in skirmishes at Columbia and Spring Hill, Tennessee. and in the battle of Franklin, in which engagement his regiment was upon the right center, the main point of attack of the enemy. Colonel Sherman was also engaged in the battle of Nashville, and continued to serve with his regiment until March 13, 1865, when he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. On Jan 15, 1866, he retired from military service and gave his attention to civil pursuits.

Sherman, Thomas W., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Rhode Island in 18i3, and was a cadet at the United States military academy from July I, 1832 to July 1, 1836, when he was graduated and promoted in the army to second lieutenant in the 3d artillery. He served in the Florida war, 1836-38, and also in the Cherokee Nation, and was promoted to first lieutenant in the 3d artillery on March 14, 1838. He again served in the Florida war, 1838-42; in garrison at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, 1842-44; on recruiting service. 1844-46; in the war with Mexico, 1846-48, being engaged in command of a battery in the battle of Buena Vista. He was promoted captain in the 3d artillery, on May 28, 1846, and was brevetted major on February 23, 1847 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena Vista. He was in garrison at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut, in 1848, at Fort Adams, Rhode Island. 1849-53; and on frontier duty at Fort Snelling. Minnesota, 1853-57; in command of expedition to Yellow Medicine, Minnesota, 1857; quelling Kansas border disturbances, 1857-58, and he was at Fort Ridgely. Minnesota, as instructor in an artillery school for practice, 1858-61, except while in command of an Page 235 expedition to Kettle Lake, Dakota, in 1859. Upon the outbreak of the Civil war he was placed in command of a battery of U. S. artillery and battalion of Pennsylvania volunteers, at Elkton, Maryland, from April 24 to May 10, 1861, guarding the Philadelphia & Baltimore railroad and the Delaware canal. He was engaged in reopening communications through Baltimore, May 10-12, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 5th artillery on May 14, and brigadier-general of volunteers on May 17, and as chief of light artillery was engaged in the defense of Washington from May 21 to June 28. He was engaged in recruiting the 5th U. S. artillery in Pennsylvania, June 30 to July 27; in organizing an expedition for seizing and holding Bull's Bay, South Carolina, and Fernandina. Florida, for the use of the blockading fleet on the Southern coast, July 27 to Oct 21, and was in command of the land forces of the Port Royal expedition, October 21, 1861, to March 31, 1862. He was in command of a division of the Army of the Tennessee from April 30 to June 1, in the advance upon and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, and in command of the center of the Army of Mississippi in pursuit of the enemy upon evacuating the place. He was in command of a division of the Department of the Gulf above New Orleans from Sept 18, 1862, to January 9, 1863, in the defenses of New Orleans from January 9 to May 19, and was in the expedition to Port Hudson. May 19-27, in command of the left wing of the army besieging the place, being engaged in several skirmishes and in the assault upon the works, May 27, when, in leading a column to the assault, he lost his right leg. He was commissioned colonel in the 3d artillery on June 1, 1863, but was disabled by his wound until February 15, 1864, when he was placed in command of the reserve brigade of artillery, Department of the Gulf, and was stationed at Forts Jackson and St. Philip, Louisiana, from March 1 to May 4. He was in command of the defenses of New Orleans from June 16, 1864, to February 11, 1865, of the southern division of Louisiana from February1 1 to July 23, and of the eastern district of Louisiana from July 23, 1865, to April 20, 1866. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, on March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Port Hudson. Louisiana, and was given the brevets of major-general of volunteers and major-general U. S. A., at the same time for gallant and meritorious services during the rebellion. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on April 30, 1866. after which he served in command of a regiment and the post of Fort Adams, Rhode Island, with but a few months intermission until February, 1869; then was stationed at Key West, Florida until November 29, 1870. He retired from active service on December 31, 1870, as maior-general, for disability caused by the loss of a leg in battle, and he died at Newport, Rhode Island, on March 16, 1879.

Sherman, William T., lieutenant-general, was born at Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio. February 8, 1820. Left an orphan at nine years of age. he was adopted by Thomas Ewing, later secretary of the interior, and attended school at Lancaster until 1836, when he was appointed a cadet at the West Point military academy. Graduating in 1840, sixth in a class of forty-two. he was made a second lieutenant and assigned to duty in Florida, where he was engaged from time to time in incursions against the hostile Seminole Indians. On November 30, 1841, he was promoted to first lieutenant, and until the outbreak of the Mexican war, was stationed at various posts in the South, including St. Augustine, and Forts Pierce, Morgan and Moultrie. At one time he undertook the study of law, with no thought of making it his profession, but to be prepared "for any situation that fortune or luck might offer." In 1846 he was Page 236 stationed at Pittsburg, as recruiting officer, but shortly after, in consequence of repeated 'applications for active service, was sent to California, where, contrary to expectation, he was uneventfully engaged as acting assistant adjutant-general of the ioth military department under General Stephen W. Kearny, and later under Colonel R. B. Mason. In 1850 he returned to the Atlantic states as bearer of despatches, and was stationed at St. Louis, Missouri, as commissary of subsistence with the rank of captain. In March, 1851, he received the commission of captain by brevet, to date from May 30, 1848. On September 6, 1853, he resigned from the army and became manager of the branch banking-house of Lucas, Turner & Co., at San Francisco, California. In 1857 he returned to New York and, his firm having suspended, opened a law office in Leavenworth, Kansas, with Hugh and Thomas E. Ewing, Jr. In July, 1859, he was elected superintendent of the Louisiana military academy, with a salary of $5,000 per annum, the institution opening January 1, 1860, but on the seizure of the arsenal at Baton Rouge in January, 1861, in anticipation of the secession of the state, he tendered his resignation. Going to Washington, he endeavored in vain to impress upon the administration the gravity of the situation which he characterized as "sleeping upon a volcano," and the president's call for volunteers for three months as "an attempt to put out the flames of a burning house with a squirt gun." For two months he was president of the 5th street railway of St. Louis, Missouri, and on May 14, 1861, was made colonel of the 13th regiment of regular infantry, commanding a brigade in the division of General Tyler in the battle of Bull Run, July 21. On August 3 he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from May 17, and on October 7 relieved Major-General Anderson in command of the Department of Kentucky. On November 12, however, he was in turn relieved by General D. C Buell, his estimate of the number of troops required in his department, "sixty thousand men to drive the enemy out of Kentucky and 200,000 to finish the war in this section." being considered so wildly extravagant as to give rise to doubts of his sanity. It was, however, justified by later events. During the remainder of the winter he was in command of the camp of instruction at Benton barracks, near St. Louis, and when Grant moved upon Donelson, was stationed at Paducah, where he rendered effective service in forwarding supplies and reinforcements. Here, also, he organized the 5th division of the Army of the Tennessee from raw troops who had never been under fire, and with these he held the key point of Pittsburg landing and "saved the fortunes of the day" on April 6, and contributed to the glorious victory of the 7th, although severely wounded in the hand on the first day. On the second, he had three horses shot under him, but mounting a fourth he remained on the field, and it was the testimony of General Grant, in recommending his promotion, that "to his individual efforts I am indebted for the success of that battle." On May 1 he was commissioned major-general of volunteers and on July 1 was put in charge of the Department of Memphis, which he at once proceeded to organize, restoring the civil authorities, causing a revival of business, and sternly repressing guerrilla warfare. In October he concerted with General Grant at Columbus, Kentucky, the details of the ensuing campaign, in which Pemberton's force, 40,000 strong, was dislodged from the line of the Tallahatchie and driven behind the Yalabusha in consequence of a combined movement by both generals from Jackson and Memphis, while 5,000 cavalry under Washburne threatened his communications in the rear. Falling back to Page 237 Milliken's bend, Sherman resigned his command to General McClernand, but shortly afterward suggested and led the attack on Fort Hindman with its garrison of 5,000 men by which the control of Arkansas river was gained, the key to the military possession of the state, with the loss of but 134 killed and 808 wounded, while of the enemy, 150 were killed and 4,791 taken prisoners. In the campaign of 1863 Sherman was in command of the expedition up Steele's bayou, abandoned on account of insuperable difficulties, though he dispersed troops sent to oppose the movement; and the demonstration against Haynes' bluff was also committed to him, though with some hesitation, by General Grant, lest his reputation should suffer from report of another repulse. In the Vicksburg campaign of 109 days General Sherman entitled himself, in the words of General Grant, "to more credit than usually falls to the lot of one man to earn." The drawn battle of Chickamauga and the critical condition of Rosecrans at Chattanooga called next loudly for the troops resting at Vicksburg, and on September 22 Sherman received orders to forward his divisions, with the exception of one which remained to guard the line of the Big Black. Meanwhile General Grant, having been placed in command of the Division of the Mississippi, assigned the Department of the Tennessee to Sherman, who, on the receipt of telegraphic summons to "drop all work" and hurry eastward, pushed forward in advance of his men and reached Chattanooga on November 15. It was proposed that he initiate the offensive, which he proceeded to do upon the arrival of his troops, November 23. He pitched his tents along Missionary ridge and his sentinels were clearly visible, not a thousand yards away. The battle of Missionary ridge being won, the relief of Burnside on the Hiawassee was next to be contemplated and with weary troops who two weeks before had left camp with but two days' provisions and "stripped for the fight," ill supplied now and amid the privations of winter, Sherman turned to raise the siege of Knoxville. On January 24, 1864, he returned to Memphis, and in preparation for the next campaign decided upon the "Meridian Raid." To the expedition of General Banks up the Red river he next contributed 10,000 men for thirty days, but the force did not return to Vicksburg until more than two months had elapsed, too late to take part in the Atlanta campaign. On March 14 General Grant was appointed lieutenant-general to command all the armies of the United States in the field, and Sherman succeeded to the Division of the Mississippi. On May 6 the movement toward Atlanta was started with the capture of the city as the desideratum, and such progress was made that on August 12 the rank of major-general, U. S. A., was bestowed upon General Sherman by the president, in anticipation of his success. After indefinite skirmishing for a month, following the fall of Atlanta, and during which the gallant defense of Allatoona pass was made by General Corse with 1,944 men against a whole division of the enemy, the famous "march to the sea" was resolved upon, not alone as a means of supporting the troops, but, in Sherman's own words, "as a direct attack upon the rebel army at the rebel capital at Richmond, though a full thousand miles of hostile country intervened," and from November 14 until December to he was accordingly buried in the enemy's country, severed from all communication in the rear, and crossed the three rivers of Georgia, passing through her capital in his triumphal progress of 30o miles, during which his loss was but 567 men. On December 25 he telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you. as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 Page 238 bales of cotton," in reply to which he received the assurance that to him alone the honor of his undertaking was due, as acquiescence only had been accorded him, and anxiety, if not fear, had been felt for his success. The surrender of Johnston was made at Durham station, North Carolina, on April 26, 1865, after a triumphal march of Sherman's army through the Carolinas, and on May 24, a year after it had started on its journey of 2,600 miles, the conquering host was reviewed at Washington, D. C On June 27 General Sherman was placed in command of the military division of the Mississippi, which included the departments of Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas, and on July 25, 1866, he succeeded General Grant as lieutenant-general of the army. On March 4, 1869, when Grant was inaugurated as president, Sherman became general of the army, and in 1871-72, on leave of absence, made a tour of Europe and the East. On February 8, 1884, he was retired from active service, and on February 14, 1891, expired at New York, the day following the demise of his friend and comrade in arms, Admiral David D. Porter.

Shields, James, brigadier-general, was born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland, December 12, 18iq. He emigrated to the United States in 1826, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Kaskaskia, Illinois, when he was but twenty-one years old. , He subsequently turned his attention to politics, in 1836 was elected to the state legislature and in 1839 was made state auditor. In 1843 he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court and in 1845 was appointed commissioner of the U. S. land office. He served during the Mexican war, being severely wounded both at Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec, and for meritorious and gallant services on the former occasion was commissioned brigadier-general and brevet major-general. He served under General Taylor on the Rio Grande and under General Wood at Chihuahua. After resigning from the army he was appointed governor of Oregon in 1848. He served as U. S. senator from Illinois, 1849-55, and was U. S. senator from Minnesota from 1858-60, and afterward settled in California. He was in Mexico at the outbreak of the Civil war, engaged in superintending a mine, but at once went to Washington and offered his services for the cause of the Union. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on August 19, 1861, assigned to the command of General lender's brigade after the latter's death, and was placed at the head of a division of General N. P. Banks' Army of the Shenandoah, March 29, 1862. He took a leading part in the battles of Winchester and Port Republic, and resigned from the service in 1863. General Shields then settled in Wisconsin, whence he removed to Carrollton, Missouri, where he practiced law and served as a railroad commissioner. In 1874 he was elected to the Missouri legislature and in 1879 was appointed to the U. S. senate to serve out the unexpired term of Senator Bogg. He died at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879.

Sibley, Henry H., brigadier-general, was born in Detroit, Michigan, February 20, 1811. He was graduated at Detroit Academy, took a special course in Greek and Latin and read law, but in 1829 became clerk to the sutler at Sault Ste. Marie. Soon afterward he took a local agency of John Jacob Astor's fur company, and, after being in 1832-34 a purchasing agent, he was given an interest in the company and took charge of its business in the territory north of Lake Pepin, extending to the British line and west to the head waters of the tributaries of the Missouri river. In 1834 he reached the mouth of the Minnesota river, on a trip for the company, and, establishing his head-quarters at St. Peters (now Mendota), built the first stone house within the present limits of Minnesota. Two years afterward he was appointed by Governor Chambers of Iowa, a justice of the peace. In 1848 he was elected a delegate from Wisconsin territory to Congress, and there secured the passage of a bill for the creation of Minnesota territory. He was re-elected to Congress for two terms; in 1857 took part in the constitutional convention and was elected to the territorial legislature; and on the admission of Minnesota as a state, in 1858, he was elected its first governor, as a Democrat. In 1862, at the time of the Sioux Indian outbreak, he organized and commanded the troops raised for the protection of the frontier settlers and was commissioned a brigadier-general. During this campaign he took about 2,000 Indian prisoners, tried more than 400 of them by court-martial, and on December 26 executed thirty-eight at one time, only President Lincoln's direct orders preventing the execution of many more. General Sibley was brevetted major-general, November 29, 1865, was relieved of his command in Minnesota in August, 1866, and was detailed as a member of a commission to negotiate treaties with the Sioux and other hostiles along the upper Missouri river. In 1871 he served another term in the legislature, and afterward lived quietly in St. Paul. He was a regent of the state university, president of the state normal school board, and a member of the United States board of Indian commissioners. He died in St. Paul on February 18, 1891.

Sickles, Daniel E., (see Vol. II, page 17).

Sigel, Franz, major-general, was born in Sinsheim, Baden, Germany, November 18, 1824. He received a military education and took an active and prominent part in the German revolution of 1848 and 1849. At the close of the revolution he retreated with the rest of his army to Switzerland and in 1852 came to the United States, becoming a teacher in a private school in New York city. In 1857 he removed to St. Louis and taught in a college of that city. In 1861 he became colonel of the 3d Missouri infantry, aided in the capture of Camp Jackson, and on July 5 fought and won the battle of Carthage. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, served under Fremont in the campaign against Price, and commanded two divisions at the battle of Pea ridge. Owing to a disagreement with Halleck he resigned, but was soon made a major-general and took command of the forces stationed at Harper's Ferry, Virginia He succeeded to the command of Fremont's corps, served under Pope in the Virginia campaign, and fought gallantly at the second battle of Bull Run. On September 14, 1862, he was assigned to the 11th army corps, and in 1863 he commanded a grand division, consisting of the 11th and 12th corps, under General Burnside. In 1864 he was placed in command of the Department of West Virginia. He fought an unsuccessful battle with the forces of General Breckinridge at New Market on May 15, with 3,000 against 5,000 men, and in consequence was relieved of his command by General Hunter. During General Early's raid in July he defended Maryland Heights successfully with 4,000 against 15.000 men. In 1866 he settled in New York city and in 1869 was the Republican candidate for secretary of state of New York, but was defeated at the polls. In 1871 he was elected register of New York city and county by the Republicans and Reform Democracy and served the full term. Upon the nomination of General Hancock for the presidency in 1880, he allied himself with the Democracy, and from 1885 to 1889 was pension agent of the U. S. government in New York city, by appointment of President Cleveland. He died at his residence at Morrisania, New York, on August 21, 1902.

Sill, Joshua W., brigadier-general, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, December 6, 1831. He was graduated from West Point military academy in 1853, and as second lieutenant was assigned to the ordnance department at Watervliet arsenal; was returned to the academy, September 23, 1854, as assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics, and served in that capacity until August 29, 1857; promoted to first lieutenancy in 1856; was engaged in routine duty at various arsenals and ordnance depots until January 25, 1861, when he resigned from the army to become professor of mathematics and civil engineering in the Brooklyn collegiate and polytechnic institute. On the call for troops, after the firing on Fort Sumter, a few weeks after resigning his position in the regular army, he offered his services to the governor of Ohio and was promptly commissioned assistant adjutant-general of that state. He took part in the battle of Rich mountain, July 11, with the 33d Ohio infantry, and was commissioned colonel of that regiment. His operations were principally in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. He took command of a brigade November 30, 1861; was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers July 16, 1862; took part in the battle of Perryville, the pursuit of Bragg's army and the Tennessee campaign of the Army of the Cumberland. While endeavoring to rally his men at the battle of Stone's river he was killed, December 31, 1862.

Slack, James R., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, but removed to Indiana early in life and was a resident of that state at the time of the breaking out of the Civil war. In October, 1861, he joined the 47th Indiana infantry, a regiment that was organized at Anderson, Indiana, and with it he was mustered into the service on December 13, being commissioned colonel. On the same day he left the state with his regiment and proceeded to Bardstown, Kentucky, where his command was assigned to General Wood's brigade of Buell's army. It moved to Camp Wickliffe, arriving there December 31, and thence moved for West Point, February 14, 1862, taking transports there for Commerce, Mississippi He thence moved to New Madrid, where he was engaged with the enemy, his regiment being the first to enter Fort Thompson. He led his regiment in the engagement at Riddle's Point between the shore batteries and the enemy's gunboats and then moved to Tiptonville, Tennessee He was at Memphis during July and with his regiment participated in a skirmish at Brown's plantation on August 11. He then moved to Helena, Arkansas, where he remained with his regiment until March, 1863, then joined the Yazoo Pass expedition, after which he moved his command to the rear of Vicksburg, engaging in the battles and skirmishes of that campaign. He was at Champion's hill, and in the trenches before Vicksburg his regiment was constantly engaged until the surrender. He was also engaged in the battle at Jackson, moved to New Orleans in August and thence to Berwick bay. In the Teche expedition with his regiment he was engaged Grand Coteau. and he also took part in the Red River expedition in the spring of 1864, participating in the marches, battles, skirmishes and retreats of that campaign. He was engaged at Atchafalaya bayou on July 28, and was stationed with his regiment at Morganza most of the fall, being promoted to brigadier-general on November 10, 1864. He continued in the field, rendering loyal and effective service, until January 15, 1866, when he was honorably mustered out, having been brevetted major-general of volunteers on March 13. 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. General Slack died on July 28, 1881.

Slemmer, Adam J., brigadier-general, was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, in 1828. He was graduated at the West Point military academy in July, 1850, and assigned to the 1st artillery. He took a conspicuous part in the campaign against the Seminole Indians in Florida, served on the California frontier for four years, and was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point, 1855-59. He was afterward assigned to garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, and in 1860 was transferred to Florida. When the war broke out he occupied Fort Barrancas in Pensacola harbor with a small body of soldiers. Later he was instrumental in holding Fort Pickens until relieved by Colonel Harvey Brown, thus preserving the key to the Gulf of Mexico. He was promoted major of the 16th infantry in May, 1861; was inspector-general of the Department of the Ohio, and participated in the siege of Corinth and the movement for the relief of Nashville, Tennessee He became brigadier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and took an active part in the battle of Stone's river, December 31, where he received wounds so severe that his field service was practically ended. From July, 1863, to the close of the war he served on an examining board as its president. On February 8, 1864, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 4th infantry, and in March, 1865, he won the brevets of colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. A., for gallant conduct. General Slemmer left the volunteer service in August of the same year and spent the balance of his life in command at Fort Laramie, Dakota, where he died of heart disease, October 7, 1868.

Slocum, Henry Warner, major-general, was born in Delphi, Onondaga County, New York, Sept 24, 1827. He was graduated at West Point in 1852 and became second lieutenant in the 1st artillery. After serving in the Seminole war in Florida he was promoted first lieutenant on March 3, 1855. and was on duty at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, till October 31, 1856, when he resigned his commission. He then settled in Syracuse; began practicing law, which he had studied while in the army; entered political life; was elected to the legislature as a Democrat in 1859, and from 1859 till 1861 was also instructor of artillery in the state militia with the rank of colonel. On May 21, 1861, he became colonel of the 27th New York volunteers. The regiment left Elmira for the front on July 10, and eleven days afterward it passed through the first battle of Bull Run. where its commander was wounded in the thigh. On August 9, while confined to the hospital, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. On his recovery he was assigned to the command of a brigade in Franklin's division, Army of the Potomac. In the Peninsular campaign of 1862 he took part in the siege of Yorktown and the engagement at West Point; succeeded General Franklin in command of the division on May 15; reinforced General Fitz John Porter in the battle of Gaines' mill, June 27; and, with his division, occupied the right of the main line in the battles of Glendale and Malvern hill. On July 4, 1862, he was promoted major-general of volunteers; on Aug 30 was engaged in the second battle of Bull Run; September 14 was in the battle of South mountain; and September 17 added much to his brilliant record in the battle of Antietam, in the latter part of which he was assigned to the command of the 12th corps, succeeding General Mansfield, who had been killed. He further distinguished himself at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg, where his command was on the right of the army, and repelled a charge made by Ewell's corps at daylight on July 3. In October, after the drawn battle at Chickamauga, the 11th and 12th corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac and hastened to reinforce the army in the Department of the Cumberland. In April, 1864, General Sherman consolidated the two corps into what Page 242 was afterward known as the 20th corps, and assigned General Hooker to the command. On this consolidation General Slocum was given command of a division and of the district of Vicksburg. In August General Hooker was succeeded by General Slocum. When General Sherman made his movement around Atlanta to the Macon road, he assigned General Slocum to guard the communications, and when the Confederates left their intrenchments about Atlanta to meet the Federal army, General Slocum threw his corps directly into the city. In the march to the sea and through the Carolinas, General Slocum commanded the left wing of the army, comprising the 14th and 20th Corps. From June 29 till September 16 he commanded the Department of the Mississippi, and on September 28, 1865, he resigned his commission, returning to civil life in Brooklyn. In the election of 1865 he was defeated as Democratic candidate for secretary of state of New York; in 1868 was a presidential elector; and in 1868 and 1870 was elected to Congress. He was defeated by Grover Cleveland in the Democratic convention of 1882 as a candidate for the nomination for governor of New York, and in the same year was elected Congressman at Large. General Slocum died at Brooklyn, New York, April 14, 1894.

Slough, John P., brigadier-general, was a native of Cincinnati, and in the year 1850 was elected to the legislature of Ohio, from which body he was expelled for striking one of the members. He was requested to apologize to the house, and upon his refusal to do so that body expelled him. In 1852 he became the secretary of the Central Democratic committee of Ohio, which office he filled satisfactorily. Soon after this he went to Kansas, and in 1860 to Denver, Colonel The next year upon the breaking out of the war he raised a company of volunteers and assumed command of Fort Garland. He finally rose to the rank of colonel of volunteers, and was sent into New Mexico and took command of Fort Union. Here he fought his first battle, causing the retreat of the Texan troops. The battle was fought in direct opposition to the orders of his superior officer, General Canby, but terminated successfully, and his praise was in the mouths of the people far and near. Immediately after this he threw up his commission as colonel and repaired to Washington, where he was appointed and confirmed as brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to duty at Alexandria. He continued as military governor at that point up to the close of the war, and throughout his career there his record is one of the most favorable. At the close of the war he was appointed chief justice of the territory of New Mexico, but his imperious temper rendered him very unpopular, and a series of resolutions were passed in the legislature advocating his removal from the position. These resolutions so incensed him against the senator who introduced them that a personal encounter resulted, in which General Slough was killed, at Santa Fe, New Mexico, on December 16, 1867.

Smith, Andrew J, major-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania and was a cadet at the U. S. military academy from July 1, 1834 to July 1, 1838, when he was graduated and promoted in the army to second lieutenant in the 1st dragoons. He served at Carlisle barracks, Pennsylvania, in the cavalry school for practice, 1838-39; on recruiting service, 1839-40; on frontier duty at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1840-46, and he was commissioned first lieutenant in the 1st dragoons on May 4, 1845. He served in the war with Mexico, 1847-48, being commissioned captain in the 1st dragoons on February 16, 1847, and was on frontier duty at San Francisco, California. 1848-49. He was on recruiting service, 1849-53; stationed at Fort Lane, Oregon, 1853-55; took part Page 243 in the Oregon hostilities during the latter year, being engaged in the skirmish at Cow creek on October 31; was in the Rogue River expedition in 1856, being engaged with hostile Indians in several skirmishes during March and June, and he was stationed at Fort Yamhill, Oregon, 1856-57. He was on the Oregon war claims commission, 1857-58 and on frontier duty at Fort Walla Walla, Washington, 1858-59. He was at Fort Vancouver, Washington, 1859-60, and was engaged against the Snake Indians in skirmishes near Harney lake on May 24 and near Owyhee river on June 23. He was stationed at Fort Walla Walla, 1860-61, and was on the march to Nez Perce Agency in the latter year, being commissioned major in the 1st dragoons on May 13 and transferred to the 1st cavalry on August 13. He served during the Civil war, first as colonel of the 2nd California cavalry, to which position he was appointed on October 2, 1861; was chief of cavalry, Department of the Missouri, from February 11 to March 11, 1862, and of the Department of the Mississippi, March 11 to July 11, being engaged in the advance upon and siege of Corinth, April 15 to May 30, including several skirmishes. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, March 17, 1862; was in command of the troops in Covington, Kentucky, and vicinity, September 9-October 9; in command of a division in the movements through Kentucky, October-November; was stationed at Memphis, Tennessee, Nov 28 to December 21, and was on the expedition to the Yazoo river in December, being engaged in the assault of Chickasaw bluffs on December 27-29. He was in the expedition to Arkansas Post, which was carried by assault on January 11, 1863; in the Vicksburg campaign from January to July, commanding a division in the 13th army corps, and was engaged in the advance to Grand Gulf, the battles of Port Gibson, Champion's hill, Big Black river, assaults on Vicksburg, May 19 and 22, the siege of the place, and the capture of Jackson, Mississippi, on July 16. He was in command of the 6th division, 16th army corps, and District of Columbus, Kentucky, from August 5, 1863, to January 21, 1864; in command of the 3d division, 16th army corps, January 24 to March 6, in the Department of the Tennessee; was in the Red River campaign, commanding detachments of the 16th and 17th army corps, March 6 to May 22, and was engaged in the assault and capture of Fort De Russy, the battle of Pleasant Hill, the action at Cane river, and in covering the retreat of General Banks' army, with almost daily heavy skirmishing. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 5th cavalry on May 9, major-general of volunteers on May 12, and was in command of the right wing of the 16th army corps in the operations in Mississippi and Tennessee from June to September, being engaged in the actions near Lake Village and Tupelo, Mississippi, and on the expedition from Memphis to Holly Springs. He was engaged in the operations in Missouri, covering St. Louis from a threatened attack by General Price; in command of a detachment of the Army of the Tennessee in Major-General Thomas' campaign against the Confederates under General Hood, from December. 1864 to January 1865, being engaged in the battle of Nashville and the pursuit of the enemy to Pulaski. He was in the movement from Eastport, Mississippi, via Cairo, to New Orleans. February 6-21, 1865; in command of the 16th army corps, February 18-July 20. being brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A., on March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Tupelo, and the brevet title of major-general, U. S. A., was conferred upon him at the same time for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Nashville. He was engaged in the Mobile campaign, taking part in the siege of Spanish Fort, Page 244 but was in reserve during the storming of Blakely. He was in the movement to and occupation of Montgomery, Alabama, making detachments to various points in Alabama; was in command of the District of Montgomery, and later of the District of Western Louisiana, October 27, 1865 to January 15, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He was on the board for the recommendation of officers for brevet promotions from March 10 to June 22, and he was commissioned colonel of the 7th cavalry on July 28, 1866. He served in command of the District of Upper Kansas from November 25, 1866 to September, 1867, and of the Department of Missouri from September 14, 1867, to March 2, 1868, when he was given a leave of absence, and he resigned from the service on May 6, 1869. He was appointed postmaster of St. Louis, Missouri, on April 3. 1869, and he pursued vocations of civil life until January 22, 1889, when he was recommissioned colonel of cavalry and placed upon the retired list. General Smith died on January 30, 1897.

Smith, Charles F., major-general, was born in Pennsylvania about 1806. He was a son of the late Dr. Samuel B. Smith, U. S. A., graduated with honor at West Point in 1825, and was made second lieutenant of artillery on July 1 in the same year. In 1829 he was appointed assistant instructor in infantry tactics at West Point; in 1831 was promoted to the adjutancy, and in 1832 was made a first lieutenant. In 1838 he was appointed instructor in infantry tactics and commandant of cadets, and the same year was promoted to a captaincy. He took an important part in most of the battles during the Mexican war; in 1847 was brevetted major for gallant conduct in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in Texas, and at the battles of Monterey, Contreras, and Churubusco, won the successive brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. In the same year he was appointed acting inspector-general in Mexico. On November 25, 1854, he was made major of the 1st artillery, and the following year lieutenant-colonel of the 10th infantry. In September. 1861. he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 3d infantry, having the previous month been appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and taken charge of the troops at Paducah, Kentucky. At the attack on Fort Donelson, the most brilliant charge was made by the troops under his command and had much to do with the surrender. For his gallantry on that memorable occasion he was promoted to a major-generalship in the volunteer army, and ordered to take possession of Savannah, Tennessee, where he died of chronic dysentery contracted during the Mexican war, and fatally aggravated by his exposures in the campaign of the West. His death occurred on April 25, 1862.

Smith, Giles A., major-general, was born in the state of New York but in early life established his home in the state of Illinois, where he was residing at the beginning of the Civil war. On June 14. 1861 he became the captain of a company then organizing for service as a part of the 8th Missouri infantry. Before the organization of the regiment was complete it was called on to suppress the guerrillas engaged in committing depredations along the line of the North Missouri railroad, defeating them in the vicinity of St. Charles and Mexico, in which engagements Captain Smith got his introduction to actual warfare. On July 29 he left St. Louis with the regiment and on September 7 landed at Paducah, Kentucky, where he remained until the following February, the regiment then joining the forces moving against Forts Henry and Donelson. Fort Henry surrendered before the regiment arrived, but at Donelson it showed the metal of which it was made, and. under the command of General Lew Wallace, assisted in the repulse of the attempt of the enemy to cut his way out. Captain Page 245 Smith at the head of his company and under the command of Wallace was in some of the heaviest fighting at Shiloh on the second day of that battle; was in the engagements about Corinth, Mississippi, and the operations in that vicinity until November, when the regiment was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of his regiment on June 12, 1862, and eighteen days later was commissioned as its colonel. He joined General Sherman's forces for the assault on the Confederate works at Chickasaw bluffs, where his regiment acquitted itself with credit, and a few days later was on the skirmish line in the assault on Arkansas Post. His was one of the regiments assigned to Steele's bayou expedition in the early movements against Vicksburg; took part in the feint against Haynes' bluff; was then in the battles of Raymond and Champion's hill, and in the advance on Vicksburg it was the first regiment to encounter and drive in the enemy's pickets. With his regiment he took part in the assaults on the Vicksburg works, and after the fall of that city was in the movement to drive General Johnston from Jackson. On August 4, 1863, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and on November 24, 1865, was commissioned major-general of volunteers. Previous to the latter date, on September 1, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for long and continued service and for special gallantry and completeness as an officer during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns. General Smith was honorably mustered out of the service on February 1, 1866 and returned to the pursuits of civil life, in which he continued until his death, November 5, 1876.

Smith, Green Clay, brigadier-general, was born in Richmond, Kentucky, July 2, 1832. In 1847 he enlisted in a cavalry regiment and served a year in the Mexican war. He was graduated at Transylvania university in 1850 and at the Lexington law school in 1853; began practicing with his father; removed to Covington in 1858, and was elected to the legislature, where he defended the national government in 1860. In the following year he was commissioned major in the 3d Kentucky cavalry; was appointed colonel of the 4th Kentucky cavalry in February, 1862; was wounded at Lebanon, Tennessee; and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, June 11. He resigned his commission, December 1, 1863. having been elected to Congress, where he served till 1866, then resigned to accept the office of governor of Montana, where he remained three years. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13. 1865, for gallantry in the field. In 1869 he was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist church and settled in Frankfort, Kentucky He devoted most of his time to service as an evangelist, but in 1876 was the candidate of the National Prohibition party for the presidency, and received a popular vote of 9,522. In 1890 he was called to the pastorate of the Metropolitan Baptist Church. Washington, D. C, and he died in that city on June 29, 1895.

Smith, Gustavus A., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, but removed to Illinois and was residing in that state at the outbreak of the Civil war. He assisted in organizing and became the colonel of the 35th 1ll. infantry in July. 1861, the regiment being accepted by the secretary of war on July 23, as Colonel G. A. Smith's Independent Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. On August 4 it left Decatur. III., and arrived at Jefferson barracks. Missouri, the following day. With his regiment Colonel Smith first experienced the realities of war in February, 1862. when he followed Price's retreating army, skirmishing with the Confederates nearly every day. He participated in the battle of Pea ridge, and in May moved to Farmington, Mississippi, and took part in the siege of Corinth until the Page 246 evacuation of that place. On September 19, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and served as such until March 4. 1863, when his commission expired and he was reverted to colonel of his regiment. In the following August with Hoge's brigade his command crossed the Tennessee river on pontoons and drove the Confederate pickets back while the bridge was being laid—being the first infantry on the south side of the Tennessee river. His regiment participated in the battle of Chickamauga, following which, on September 22, 1863, he left the service and returned to his home in Illinois. In February, 1865, he again entered the military service as colonel of the 155th Illinois infantry, the regiment being mustered in on February 28 for one year. On March 2 he moved with his command via Louisville and Nashville to Tullahoma, Tennessee, and was assigned to the brigade of General Dudley. On March 13, 1865, General Smith was given the brevet rank of brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious service during the war, and on December 14, 1865, he was honorably mustered out of the service. He then returned to the civil pursuits of life in which he remained until his death on December 11, 1885.

Smith, John E., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, but removed to Illinois and became aide-de-camp to Governor Yates, which position he held during the early part of 1861. He was commissioned colonel of the 45th Illinois infantry in July of that year and was engaged successively at the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, action of Meadow Station, and the Mississippi campaign. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862, and was assigned to the command of the 8th division, left wing of the 16th army corps in December. He engaged in the expedition to Yazoo Pass, battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion's hill and Big Black river. In June, 1863, he took command of the 1st division, 17th army corps, the division being transferred to the 15th army corps in September, and he was engaged at the siege of Vicksburg. battle of Missionary ridge, Atlanta campaign. Sherman's Georgia and Carolina campaign, and the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina He was relieved from duty with the Army of the Tennessee in April, 1865, and commanded the District of West Tennessee until April. 1866, when he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service. On January 12, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for faithful and efficient services and for gallantry in action. In the regular army he was commissioned colonel of the 27th U. S. infantry in July. 1866, and on March 2. 1867, was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and on the same date he was given the brevet title of major-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of Savannah, Georgia He was retired from the regular army service on May 19, 1881, and he died January 28, 1897.

Smith, Morgan L., brigadier-general, was born in the state of New York, and in early manhood, on July 19. 1845, he joined the United States regular army, in which he served five years. For some reason or other he enlisted under the name of Martin L. Sanford, and as such his name appears upon the rolls, as private, corporal and sergeant. After retiring from the regular army service he located in Missouri where he was living at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. On July 4, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 8th Missouri infantry, which, before its organization was complete, was called upon to suppress the guerrillas engaged in committing depredations along the line of the North Missouri railroad, Page 247 defeating them in the vicinity of St. Charles and Mexico. On July 29 he left St. Louis with his regiment and on September 7 landed at Paducah, Kentucky, where he remained until the following February and then joined the forces moving against Forts Henry and Donelson. Fort Henry had surrendered before the regiment arrived, but at Donelson the regiment and its colonel behaved in a gallant manner, assisting in the repulse of the enemy when he attempted to cut his way out. Colonel Smith was in some of the heaviest fighting at Shiloh on the second day of that battle, then participated in the advance upon Corinth, and while in that vicinity, on July 16, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He continued to serve in that capacity until the close of the war, rendering faithful and meritorious service, and on July 12, 1865, he resigned his commission and took up the threads of civil life. He died on December 29, 1874.

Smith, Thomas C. H., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Massachusetts, but was a resident of Ohio at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. On September 5, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Ohio cavalry, then being organized at Camp Chase for the three years' service. In December the regiment broke camp and proceeded by rail and steamboat to Louisville, being the first regiment of cavalry to enter that department. Colonel Smith with his regiment participated in the advance upon Corinth, having frequent skirmishes with the enemy, and after the evacuation joined in pursuit of Beauregard's army, going as far as Booneville. During this pursuit four sharp engagements were had with the enemy. Returning to Kentucky with Buell's army, on November 29. 1862, Colonel Smith was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, but he remained with his regiment until April 27, 1863. On the first day of the battle of Stone's river the regiment made a heroic charge against a foe flushed with success, and it continued the remaining two days until the victory was complete. General Smith continued in the service until some time after Lee's surrender and was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866. He then followed civil pursuits until April 17, 1878, when he was appointed paymaster in the regular army service with the rank of major, and he served as such until March 24, 1883, when he was retired. General Smith died on April 8, 1897.

Smith, Thomas Kilby, brigadier-general, was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, September 23, 1820. In 1825 his parents removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he studied at the military and engineering school of Prof. O. M. Mitchel, and, after spending some time in civil engineering, read law in the office of the late Chief-Justice Chase and was admitted to the bar, where he had for associates such men as George Hoadley, Stanley Matthews, Edward Marshall, and George Pugh. In 1861 he volunteered to raise a brigade of troops for the national service at his own expense, and Governor Dennison appointed him lieutenant-colonel of the 54th Ohio infantry, and promoted him to the colonelcy before he left the state. His regiment was part of General Sherman's division in the battle of Shiloh, and when General Stuart, commanding the brigade, was wounded, the command was given to Colonel Smith, who held it till the siege of Vicksburg. When General Grant assumed the direction of the siege Colonel Smith was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general and acted for some time as chief of General Grant's staff. After the capitulation of Vicksburg General Smith was given command of a division of the Army of the Tennessee to assist General Banks in the Red River expedition, and succeeded in protecting Admiral Porter's fleet while withdrawing down the river after the disaster of Sabine cross-roads. He assisted Page 248 in the reduction of Mobile and was then placed in command of the District of Southern Alabama and Florida, which was his last military service. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers for distinguished services in the war, and on being mustered out was appointed by President Johnson United States consul at Panama, holding the office till after the inauguration of President Grant. General Smith died in New York city December 14, 1887. Smith, William F., major-general, was born in the state of Vermont, and was a cadet at the U. S. military academy from July 1, 1841 to July 1, 1845, when he was graduated and promoted in the army to brevet second lieutenant of topographical engineers. He served as assistant topographical engineer on the survey of the Northern lakes, 1845-46; at the military academy as assistant professor of mathematics, November 6, 1846, to August 21, 1848; as assistant topographical engineer on explorations in the Department of Texas, 1848-50, being commissioned second lieutenant of topographical engineers on July 14, 1849. He was on the survey of the boundary between the United States and Mexico, 1850-52, on the survey of the canal route across Florida in 1853, and was commissioned first lieutenant of topographical engineers on March 3, 1853. He was on explorations in Texas, 1853-55; at the military academy as principal assistant professor of mathematics, September 4. 1855. to September 8, 1856; as engineer of the 11th light-house district. December 11, 1856, to November 3, 1859, and he was commissioned captain of topographical engineers on July 1, 1859, for fourteen years' continuous service. He then served as engineer secretary of the light-house board from November 3, 1859, to April 15, 1861. He served during the Civil war. first on mustering duty at New York city, April 15 to May 31, 1861; on the staff of Major-General Butler at Fort Monroe, Virginia, June 1 to July 20, and was commissioned colonel of the 3d Vermont infantry on July 16, 1861. He was on the staff of Brigadier-General McDowell, July 20 to August 13; served in the Manassas campaign and was engaged in the battle of Bull Run; in the defenses of Washington, D. C, July 27, 1861 to March 10, 1862, and he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on August 13, 1861. He served in the Virginia Peninsular campaign, in command of a division of the Army of the Potomac, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown, including the skirmish of Lee's mill, the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, White Oak swamp, Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern hill. On June 28, 1862, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of White Oak swamp, and in the Maryland campaign he was in command of a division of the Army of the Potomac, being engaged in the battles of South mountain and Antietam, and on the march to Falmouth. On September 17, 1862, he was brevetted colonel, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Antietam; participated in the Rappahannock campaign, in command of the 6th corps, November 14, 1862 to February 4, 1863, and of the 9th corps from February 4 to March 17, being engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg. He was commissioned major of the corps of engineers on March 3, 1863, and was in command of a division in the Department of the Susquehanna, being engaged in the pursuit of the Confederate army retreating from Gettysburg, and was then in the Department of West Virginia from August 3 to September 5. He served as chief engineer of the Department of the Cumberland, October 10 to November, and of the Military Division of the Mississippi from November, 1863 to March 31, 1864, in operations about Chattanooga, being engaged in surprising a passage and throwing a pontoon bridge across the Tennessee river at Brown's ferry, and he was also engaged in the battle of Missionary ridge. On March 9, 1864, he was commissioned major-general of volunteers, and was in command of the 18th corps of the Army of the Potomac from May 2 to July 19, being engaged in the operations before Richmond and in the battle of Cold Harbor and siege of Petersburg. He was on special duty, under the orders of the secretary of war, from November 22, 1864 to December 15, 1865, and was then on leave of absence until March 7, 1867, when he resigned from the regular army, having resigned his volunteer commission on November 4. 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. A., on March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chattanooga, and on the same date was given the brevet title of major-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the Rebellion. He served as president of the International Telegraph company, 1864-73, and became Commissioner of Police of New York city on May 1, 1875, and then served as president of the Board of Police Commissioners from December 31, 1875, to March 11, 1881. After this date he followed civil engineering in the service of the United States. He was reappointed as major, U. S. A., on March 1, 1889, and placed upon the retired list. General Smith died on February 28, 1903.

Smith, William S., brigadier-general, was born in Tarlton, Ohio, July 22. 1830. He was graduated at the Ohio university in 1849 and from the U. S. military academy in 1853. Resigning from the army in 1854 he became assistant to Lieutenant-Colonel James E). Graham of the U. S. topographical engineers, then in charge of the government improvements in the great lakes. In 1855 he moved to Buffalo, New York, and for a while was principal of a high school. In 1857 he was employed by the city of Buffalo as an expert to examine the various plans submitted for the international bridge across the Niagara river. Later he became engineer and secretary of the Trenton (New Jersey) locomotive works, holding that connection until 1861. He visited Cuba in the interests of this company and also constructed an iron bridge across the Savannah river, where he introduced improvements in sinking cylinders pneumatically. At the commencement of the Civil war in 1861 he promptly offered his services, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Ohio volunteers and assigned to duty as assistant adjutant-general at Camp Dennison. He was commissioned colonel of the 13th Ohio infantry on June 26, 1861, took part in the campaigns of western Virginia, then entered the Army of the Ohio and was present at Shiloh and Perryville. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, April 15, 1862, when he joined the forces under Grant and participated in the Vicksburg campaign as commander of the 1st division of the 16th corps. Later he was made chief of cavalry of the Department of the Tennessee, and in that capacity was attached to the staff of General Grant and General W. T. Sherman until failing health compelled his resignation in September, 1864. . Resuming his profession after the war, he built the Wangoshanee lighthouse at the entrance of the Straits of Mackinaw, where he sank the first pneumatic caisson in 1867. He built the first great entire steel bridge in the world, across the Missouri river at Glasgow, Missouri, and was concerned in the construction of many others, including those at Leavenworth, Kansas, and Omaha and Plattsmouth, Nebraska He was president of the Civil Engineers' club of the Northwest in 1880.

Smyth, Thomas A., brigadier-general, was born in Ireland. He came to America in boyhood and became a coachmaker at Wilmington, Page 250 Delaware. Embracing with ardor the cause of his adopted country, he raised a company of three-months' men in the spring of 1861, served with them in Virginia, became major and colonel of the 1st Delaware infantry and rendered able and gallant service through the war, being promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers in 1864 for his conduct at Cold Harbor. While in command of the 2nd division of the 2nd army corps he was wounded near Farmville, Virginia, April 6, 1865, and died three days later at Petersburg.

Spears, James G., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Tennessee and at the breaking out of the Civil war he allied himself with the friends of the Federal government in that commonwealth. He offered his services to the cause of the Union and on September 1, 1861, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Tennessee infantry, then being organized at Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky He was first under fire in the engagement at Wild Cat and was afterward present at the battle of Mill Springs. With his regiment he also assisted in the capture of Cumberland gap, where he remained until the evacuation of that post by General Morgan. He then retreated with the remainder of the command to Ohio and thence went on an expedition up the Kanawha valley. On March 5, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and served in that capacity until August 30, 1864, when he was dismissed from the service. He died on July 22, 1869.

Spinola, Francis B., brigadier-general, was born in Stony Brook, Long Island, New York, March 19, 1821. He received an academical education, was admitted to the bar in New York city in 1844, and served five years as alderman, six years as assemblyman, and four years as state senator. He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention in Charleston in 1860. In the early part of the Civil war he recruited and organized the "Empire" brigade of four regiments, which he accompanied to the front, and on October 2, 1862. he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He served till the close of the war, and in leading a charge at Wapping Heights, Virginia, he was twice wounded. Returning to New York city, he engaged in the banking and insurance business and resumed political life. In 1886 and 1888 he was elected to Congress from the 10th New York district as a Democrat, serving as a member of the committees on military affairs and on war claims. General Spinola died in Washington, D. C, April 14, 1891.

Sprague. John W., brigadier-general, was born in White Creek, Washington county, New York, April 4, 1817. He was an attendant at the district school of his neighborhood and entered the Rensselaer polytechnic institute at Troy, New York, when thirteen years of age. He left school before graduation to engage in business, and in 1845 removed to Milan, Erie county. Ohio, where he continued the business of a merchant. He afterward settled in Sandusky and was for one term (1851-52) treasurer of Erie county. Upon the outbreak of the Civil war he raised a company of militia, was made its captain and with it joined the 7th Ohio infantry. He was rapidly promoted and in 1863 was colonel of the 63d Ohio infantry, brigadier-general of volunteers on July 21, 1864, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of the service on August 24, 1865. During his service as a volunteer officer he declined a lieutenant-colonelcy in the regular army. After the war he was appointed manager of the Winona & St. Paul railway. In 1870 he was general manager of the western division of the Northern Pacific railway and with Captain Ainsworth Page 251 established the city of Tacoma, Washington. In 1883 he had the honor of driving the golden spike on the completion of his division and soon afterward resigned on account of impaired health. He was active in building up the new city of Tacoma and was president of the board of trade and of various banks and corporations. General Sprague died at his home in Tacoma, Washington, December 27, 1893.

Sprague, William, brigadier-general, was born at Cranston, Providence county, Rhode Island, September 12, 1830, son of Amasa and Fanny (Morgan) Sprague. the latter a native of Groton, Connecticut He was educated in the schools of Cranston, East Greenwich and Scituate, and at Irving institute, Tarrytown, New York At the age of fifteen he entered the store at Cranston connected with the large cotton manufacturing and calico printing business of A. & W. Sprague, the firm consisting of his father and his uncle, Governor William Sprague. At the age of sixteen he removed to Providence to enter the counting house of the firm, and two years later became a book-keeper. He took an interest in military affairs early in life, and in 1848 joined the marine artillery company of Providence and rose from the ranks to the position of colonel. He made the company the equal of any military force in the United States in efficiency. In 1859 he visited Europe and made a special study of its military establishments. In 1860 he was elected governor of Rhode Island and, anticipating the Civil war, had the infantry and artillery of the state in readiness for emergencies. He made great exertions to raise troops in response to President Lincoln's call for three-months' men and offered the national government a regiment and a battery of light-horse artillery. The "war governor," as he was called, went immediately to the front and was in the first battle of Bull Run, where his horse was shot under him. He served during the Peninsular campaign and for his bravery and patriotic services in general was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, but was not mustered into service, being unwilling to give up his position as governor. He was reelected governor in 1861 and 1862, but was absent in the field most of the time and the duties of his office were performed by John R. Bartlett. In the spring of 1863 Governor Sprague was elected to the U. S. senate and resigned the governorship, William C Cozzens, president of the senate, acting in his place until the regular election in May. He was a member of the committees on manufactures and on military affairs, and chairman of the committee on public lands. He served two terms in the senate, from March 4, 1863 until March 3. 1875, when he left Congress to resume his business as a manufacturer.

Stahel, Julius, major-general, also known as Count Sebastiani, was born in Csongrad, Hungary, November 4. 1825. He received a classical education in his native town and at Buda-Pesth, and then entered the Austrian army as a private. He had reached the rank of a commissioned officer when the Hungarian revolution opened, and he at once resigned and threw in his lot with his fellow-countrymen. As an aide on the staffs of General Arthur Gorger and General Richard D. Guyon he rendered brilliant and effective service, but the Austrian forces finally triumphed and he was forced to flee the country. He resided for some years in Berlin and London, gaining a livelihood as a teacher and journalist, and in 1859 he came to the United States and settled in New York city, where he was the editor of an eminent and influential weekly German newspaper until 1861. In May, 1861. he entered the Federal army as a volunteer and was made lieutenant-colonel of the 8th New York infantry. Page 252 He commanded this regiment at the first battle of Bull Run and was soon afterward made its colonel. On November 12, 1861, he was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers and took part in all the earlier battles of the war, especially distinguishing himself at Cross Keys. He was advanced to be major-general of volunteers on March 14, 1863, and for some time commanded a division of the 11th army corps under General Franz Sigel. He resigned his commission and retired from the army on February 8, 1865, and early in 1866 was appointed by President Johnson U. S. consul at Yokohama, Japan, where he remained until poor health compelled his retirement in 1869. He then returned to the United States, and from 1870 till 1877 he was a successful mining engineer and mine owner in the Western states. In 1877 he was again appointed consul at Yokohama, and in March, 1884. was made consul-general at Shanghai, where he remained until Grover Cleveland became president in 1885. He then returned to New York city, where he became interested in various business enterprises.

Stanley, David S., major-general, was born in Cedar Valley, Ohio, June 1, 1828. He was graduated at West Point in 1852 and as an officer of cavalry served on the Western plains for several years, reaching the grade of captain in 1861. At the opening of the Civil war he was tendered and refused an important commission in the Confederate service; took part in the early operations of the Federal forces in Missouri, and on September 28, 1861, was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers. He participated in the battles of New Madrid and Island No. 10, and for his special services on these occasions received the thanks of his superior officers. He took part in the capture of Corinth and the battle of Iuka, and on November 29, 1862, was raised to the rank of major-general of volunteers. During the Atlanta campaign he rendered conspicuous service, especially at the battle of Jonesboro, where he commanded the 4th army corps. On October 6, 1864, in the absence of General Thomas, he was assigned to the command of the Army of the Cumberland in the field, and by his energy, skill and activity contributed largely to the successful defense of Nashville. At Spring Hill he repulsed three desperate assaults of the Confederate cavalry and infantry, and at the battle of Franklin, when the Federal line was broken and defeat threatened, he led a charge of a reserve brigade and in a gallant struggle at close quarters succeeded in recovering the ground that had been lost. He was severely wounded at Franklin but refused to leave the field until the battle was won, although his injuries incapacitated him for active service during the remainder of the war. For his services he received brevet ranks from lieutenant-colonel to major-general in the regular army, and in 1866 was appointed colonel of the 22nd infantry. From 1866 until 1874 he was stationed mainly in Dakota. In 1873, as commander of the Yellowstone expedition, he led his troops into western Montana, and by his reports upon the section visited greatly hastened its settlement. From 1874 until 1879 he served on the lakes. In the latter year he was transferred to the Texas frontier, where he promptly suppressed Indian raids into that state and established more amicable relations with the Mexicans on the other side of the border. From 1882 until 1884 he commanded the Department of New Mexico and put down uprisings of the Navajo and Ute Indians by peaceful means. In March. 1884. he was promoted to be brigadier-general in the regular army and he retired from service on June 1, 1892. General Stanley died March 13, 1902.

Stannard, George J., brigadier-general, was born in Georgia, Vermont, October 20, 1820. Between the ages of fifteen and twenty he worked on his father's farm in summer and taught in a district school in winter. In 1845 he became a clerk in the St. Albans Foundry company and in time was placed in charge of the business. In 1860 he was admitted as a member of the company. Up to this time he had been active in the state militia and had become colonel of the 4th Vermont regiment. On President Lincoln's first call for volunteers he tendered the services of himself and his regiment by telegraph; but it was decided by the state authorities and the legislature, then in special session, to organize a regiment of ten companies selected from the 1st, 2nd, and 4th regiments of the militia, under the command of Colonel John W. Phelps, reserving Colonel Stannard for the duty of organizing additional regiments. In May, 1861, he organized the 2nd Vermont infantry, was commissioned as its lieutenant-colonel and mustered into the U. S. service at Burlington, June 12, 1861, leaving for the field twelve days later. He was with the men of the 2nd in every march and skirmish till the latter part of May, 1862, when he accepted the commission of colonel of the 9th Vermont infantry and was soon afterward assigned to General Pope's command. On March 11, 1863, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of the 2nd Vermont brigade. He rendered efficient service in the Gettysburg battles, his brigade being conspicuous in the repulse of the final Confederate charge, and he was severely wounded in the cannonade with which General Longstreet strove to cover the Confederate retreat. As soon as he was sufficiently recovered for light duty he was assigned to the command of the troops garrisoning the forts in New York harbor, remaining at this post till May, 1864, when on the final advance of General Grant upon Richmond he again took the field, being assigned to the 10th army corps. He took part in the battle of Cold Harbor, where he lost two staff-officers and was again wounded. In the movement of the 18th corps on Petersburg on June 14 he led the advance with his brigade, occupied some of the enemy's fortifications within three-quarters of a mile of the city, and was a third time wounded. On September 19 he was assigned the task of storming Fort Harrison, which he accomplished in a gallant manner, capturing and holding that important work at the cost of his right arm. This wound unfitted him for active service for several months. In December. 186a. he was assigned to the command of the Vermont border and remained in service in the Department of the East till February, 1866, when he was ordered to duty at Baltimore in connection with the Freedmen's bureau. He retired from the army on June 27, 1866 and was appointed collector of customs for the District of Vermont, holding the office till 1872. In 1881 he was appointed a door-keeper of the House of Representatives at Washington, D. C, and he died at this post on May 31, 1886.

Starkweather, John C, brigadier-general, was born in Cooperstown, New York, in May, 1830. He was graduated at Union college in 1850, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and removing to Milwaukee practiced with success till the beginning of the Civil war. He volunteered his services on the first call for troops and was commissioned colonel of the 1st Wisconsin infantry in May, 1861. With his regiment he took part in the battles of Falling Waters and Edward's ferry. When his regiment was mustered out of the three month's service he reenlisted and was ordered to Kentucky for duty. He distinguished himself at the battle of Perryville and at Stone's river: was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers; was stationed at Page 254 Murfreesboro, Tenn., till July, 1863, and in September he participated in the battle of Chickamauga, in November in the battles around Chattanooga, and afterward in the capture of Atlanta. General Starkweather was a member of the court-martial that tried Surgeon-General William A. Hammond. He subsequently served in Alabama and Tennessee till mustered out of the service in 1865. He then resumed the practice of law in Milwaukee, but soon removed to Washington, D. C, where he practiced till his death, November 15, 1890.

Steedman, James B., major-general, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 30, 1818. Migrating to Ohio at nineteen, he did some contract work on the Wabash & Erie canal and was sent to the legislature in 1843. He was one of the "Argonauts" of 1849, crossing the plains to California at the head of a company of gold-seekers, but came back the next year and in 1851 was a member of the state board of public works. Under President Buchanan he was at Washington as printer to Congress and in 1860 a member of the Democratic national convention at Charleston. In 1861 he entered the war as colonel of the 14th Ohio infantry, was sent to western Virginia and took part at Philippi in "the first battle of the rebellion." Joining General Buell in Kentucky, he received a brigadier's commission in July, 1862, and at Perryville arrived in time to save the day. In July, 1863, he took command of a division of the reserve corps of the Army of the Cumberland. With General Granger he divided the honors of reinforcing General Thomas, who was thus enabled to maintain his position at Chickamauga against the entire Confederate army; heading a furious charge in person, he drove General Hindman's division from an important position and secured the ridge at a cost of one-fifth of his troops and a severe wound. He was advanced to major-general of volunteers in April, 1864; took part under General Sherman in the movement on Atlanta; relieved the garrison at Dalton, Georgia, and defeated General J. G. Wheeler's cavalry in June. Returning to the help of General Thomas when Tennessee was attacked by General Hood, he took command of a provisional corps made up of a brigade of colored troops and some 5,000 men who had failed to join their commands in time for the march to the sea, and with this irregular force did terrible execution on Hood's right flank in the battle of Nashville. He was military governor of Georgia after the war, left the army in July, 1866, and was appointed by his friend, President Johnson, collector of the port of New Orleans. In his later years he edited a paper in Ohio and was sent to the state senate in 1879, but failed of reelection. He became chief of police of Toledo in May, 1883, and died there October 18, of the same year.

Steele, Frederick, major-general, was born at Delhi, Delaware county, New York, January 14, 1819. He graduated at West Point in 1843, was assigned to the 2nd infantry, served through the war with Mexico and was twice brevetted for gallantry at Contreras and Chapultepec. In 1849 he was sent to California; from 1853 to 1860 his duty was in the Northwest. He was commissioned captain in February, 1855, major in May, 1861, colonel of the 8th Iowa infantry in September, 1861, brigadier-general of volunteers in January, 1862, and major-general of volunteers in November, 1862. During the first year of the war he had command of a brigade in Missouri and took part in the battles of Dug springs and Wilson's creek. In 1862 he was at the head of a division in the Army of the Southwest and as stated above was promoted major-general of volunteers on November 29. He led the 15th army corps in the Yazoo expedition and the capture of Page 255 Arkansas post in January, 1863; was transferred to the 15th corps, engaged in the Vicksburg campaign, bore a part at Chickasaw bayou and in the taking of Fort Hindman, and in the summer was made lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel in the regular army. His division was sent to Helena, Arkansas, in July and took possession of Little Rock on September 10. After some months in command of the Department of Arkansas he was sent to the aid of General Canby in the reduction of Mobile early in the winter of 1864. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier and major-general, U. S. A., sent to Texas and thence to the command of the Department of the Columbia. He became colonel of the 20th infantry in July, 1866, remained in the volunteer service until March, 1867, and died at San Mateo, California, January 12, 1868.

Stevens, Isaac I., major-general, was born in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point in 1839, ranking first in his class, and was commissioned second lieutenant of engineers. In 1840 he became first lieutenant and was employed upon the fortifications of the New England coast until the Mexican war, at that time being adjutant of engineers. He was attached to General Scott's staff and for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco was brevetted captain, and major for his heroic conduct at the storming of Chapultepec and the city of Mexico, where he received a severe wound from which he never fully recovered. Upon his return to the United States he was selected by Prof. Bache to perform the duties of chief of the coast survey at Washington. In 1853 he resigned his commission and accepted the appointment of governor of Washington territory, where he became known as an able executive officer, displaying the most unremitting devotion to the interests of the territory. During the administration of President Buchanan he represented Washington Territory as delegate in Congress for two terms. He was the chairman of the Breckinridge executive committee in the presidential campaign of 1860; but when the Southern leaders declared for secession he openly denounced them and stood by the Federal government, strongly urging President Buchanan to remove Sees. Floyd and Thompson from the cabinet and trust to the counsels of General Scott. At the close of the session of Congress Governor Stevens proceeded to Washington territory, but upon hearing of the attack upon Fort Sumter returned to Washington and offered his services to the government. He was appointed colonel of the 79th New York Highlanders. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on September 28, 1861, and accompanied General Sherman to South Carolina, where he bore a prominent part in all the battles near Port Royal. He was then transferred to North Carolina, whence he came to Virginia in the corps of General Reno and was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers, his commission bearing date of July 4, 1862. He was in all the skirmishes along the Rappahannock under General Pope and fought most gallantly in the battle of Chantilly, where he was killed September 1, 1862.

Stevenson, John D., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Virginia, but early in life took up his residence in Missouri, where he was living at the time of the Mexican war. On June 27, 1846, he became captain of the Missouri mounted volunteers and served in that capacity in the war with Mexico until June 24, 1847. He then retired from the military service and followed peaceful pursuits until June 1, 1861, when he was commissioned colonel of the 7th Missouri infantry and began active service in the Civil war at Boonville, Missouri, on July 4. He was on duty at various places in the state Page 256 until early in May, 1862, when he was ordered with his regiment to Pittsburg landing, where he arrived on the 14th. From August to October he was on post duty at Jackson, Tennessee; took part in the engagements at Medon Station and Britton's lane; was then ordered to Corinth, Mississippi, where he arrived in time to attack the Confederate rear as the enemy was assaulting the Federal forces; was attached to General McPherson's division and was in the advance in the pursuit of the enemy from Corinth to Ripley. On November 29, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and continued to serve in that capacity until April 22, 1864, when he resigned from the service; but on August 7, 1864, he was recommissioned as brigadier, to rank from the date of his first commission, and he continued to serve until January 15. 1866, when he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service. On March 13, 1865. he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for meritorious service during the war, and on July 28, 1866, he was commissioned colonel in the regular army and given command of the 30th infantry. On March 2, 1867, he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Champion's hill, Mississippi, and on December 15, 1870, was assigned to the command of the 25th infantry. He was honorably discharged from the service at his own request on December 31, 1870. General Stevenson died on January 22, 1897.

Stevenson, Thomas G., brigadier-general, was the son of Hon. J. Thomas Stevenson of Boston, Massachusetts, born in 1836, and early manifested a predilection for military life, having risen from the ranks to major of the 4th battalion of Massachusetts infantry, which position he held at the commencement of the war. He had an unsurpassed reputation as a drill-master and his command, which was brought to a high degree of discipline, became the school of many young officers afterward distinguished in the Federal service. In the fall of 1861 he recruited the 24th Massachusetts infantry, which originally formed part of Foster's brigade in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, and as its colonel participated in the capture of Roanoke island and New Berne. February and March, 1862, and in various minor operations immediately succeeding those events. After holding for some months the outpost defences of New Berne, he conducted several expeditions within the Confederate lines and on September 6 successfully defended Washington, North Carolina, against an attack by a superior force. He had charge of a brigade m the movements on Goldsboro and Kinston and in December, 1862. was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers and when General Foster organized the expedition for operations against Charleston, in February. 1863. received command of a brigade in General Naglee's division. His appointment as brigadier-general was confirmed in March, 1863, and during the succeeding summer he saw much active service in the neighborhood of Charleston, assisting in the reduction of Morris island and the assault on Fort Wagner, where he commanded the reserves. He returned to the north in the fall to recruit his health and subsequently was appointed by his old commander, General Burnside, who had a high appreciation of his capacity, to command the 1st division of the 9th corps. General Stevenson was killed near Spottsylvania, Virginia, on May 10, 1864.

Stokes, James H., brigadier-general, was born in Baltimore. Maryland. in 1814. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1835, served in the Seminole war in Florida, and after its close resigned his commission. From 1845 till 1858 he was engaged in manufacturing and in railroad business. At the beginning of the Civil war he offered his services to the governor of Illinois; received Page 257 a captain's commission, served a year in Tennessee, was then appointed an assistant adjutant-general, and on July 20, 1865, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. After the war he was engaged in business in Chicago till 1880, and then in New York, in which city he died on December 27, 1890.

Stolbrand, Carlos J. M., brigadier-general, was born in Sweden May 11, 1821. He entered the royal artillery when eighteen years old; served in the Schleswig-Holstein campaign in 1848-50; and came to the United States at the close of that war. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Federal service as a private, was soon afterward commissioned captain in the 1st battalion of Illinois light artillery, and subsequently was chief of artillery under General John A. Logan. He took part in the siege of Corinth, the Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to the sea, and in February, 1865, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers and resigned his commission. After the war he settled in South Carolina and entered political life. In 1868 he was secretary of the state constitutional convention, a delegate to the Republican national convention and a presidential elector. He was also tor some years superintendent of the state penitentiary, and was superintendent of the new U. S. government building in Charleston under President Harrison's administration. General Stolbrand died in Charleston, South Carolina, February 3, 1894. Stone, Charles P., brigadier-general, was born in Greenfield, Franklin county, Massachusetts, in 1826. He entered the United States military academy in 1841 and graduated in 1845. when he was appointed a brevet second lieutenant of ordnance. A month later he was appointed acting assistant professor of ethics in the military academy, an office he held till January, 1846, when he was ordered to duty in Mexico. He distinguished himself in several battles under General Scott, was brevetted first lieutenant September 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Molino del Rey, captain five days later for similar conduct at Chapultepec, and commissioned first lieutenant in the regular army in February, 1853. In 1851 he was sent to California, where he constructed the Benicia arsenal and acted as chief of ordnance for the Pacific coast. He resigned from the army in 1856, was engaged in the banking business in San Francisco for a year and then undertook a survey of Sonora and Lower California under a commission from the Mexican president. Just before the inauguration of President Lincoln Mr. Holt, the secretary of war, called Lieutenant Stone to Washington, appointed him a captain in the army and assigned him to the duty of inspector-general of all the militia in the District of Columbia then organizing for the protection of the national capital. On May 14, 1861, he was appointed colonel of the 14th U. S. infantry and three days later was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in the Shenandoah valley under General Patterson during July, and when General McClellan assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, after the battle of Bull Run, General Stone was selected to command a division and directed to occupy the valley of the Potomac above Washington as a corps of observation. On January 5, 1862, he appeared before the Congressional committee on the conduct of the war and was rigidly examined as to every detail of the battle of Ball's bluff, which he had been accused of bringing on without due preparation. His responses were given frankly and seemed to satisfy the committee, but in February he was arrested and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette. New York harbor, where he was kept in confinement for seven months without any charges having been preferred against him, despite his appeals to Page 258 Secretary Stanton and President Lincoln for such a hearing as the military code provided for every accused officer. After his release he served in the siege of Port Hudson, was one of the commissioners to receive its surrender, and as chief of staff of General Banks was engaged in the skirmish of Bayou Teche and the battles of Sabine crossroads and Pleasant Hill in April, 1864. He was mustered out of the volunteer service the same month and remained unemployed till August, when he was assigned to the command of a brigade in the Army of the Potomac, retaining it till after the surrender of Petersburg and then resigning from the army. He was engineer and superintendent of the Dover mining company of Virginia from 1865 to 1869, and in 1870 entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt, becoming chief of the general staff or practically commander-in-chief of the entire army. For his valuable services in command, organization and administration he was decorated commander of the Order of Osmanieh October 10, 1870, grand officer of the Order of Medjii January 24, 1875, and raised to the dignity of a pasha in 1878. Early in 1883 General Stone resigned his commission in the Egyptian service, returned to the United States and was appointed engineer-in-chief of the construction of the pedestal for Bartholdi's statue of Liberty in the harbor of New York, which proved his last work. General Stone died in New York city. January 24, 1887.

Stoneman, George, major-general, was born in Busti, Chautauqua county, New York, August 8, 1822. He was graduated at West Point in 1846 and entered the army as brevet second lieutenant in the 1st dragoons. In the regular army he was promoted second lieutenant July 12, 1847, first lieutenant July 25, 1854, captain in the 2nd cavalry March 3, 1855, major in the 1st cavalry May 9, 1861, lieutenant-colonel of the 3d cavalry March 30, 1864, colonel of the 21st infantry July 28, 1866, retired August 16, 1871. appointed colonel of infantry on February 9, 1891, and again retired on the 24th of the same month. In the volunteer army he was commissioned a brigadier-general August 13. 1861, promoted major-general November 29, 1862, and was mustered out of the service September 1, 1866. During his active career he was brevetted colonel, U. S. army, December 13, 1862, for services in the battle of Fredericksburg and brigadier-general and major-general on March 13, 1865, for services in the capture of Charlotte, North Carolina, and during the war, respectively. General Stoneman's first military service was as quarter-master to the Mormon battalion at Santa Fe in 1847. He accompanied it into Mexico and after the war served on the Pacific coast till 1857, when he was transferred to Texas. In February, 1861, while in command of Fort Brown, Texas, he was ordered by General Twiggs, his superior officer, to surrender the fort and all Federal property in his charge to the state secession authorities, but he refused, evacuated the fort and hastened to New York city. In August, after serving in western Virginia, he was appointed chief of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. He organized that branch of the army, commanded it during the Peninsular campaign of 1862 and brought on the battle of Williamsburg by overtaking the Confederate troops with his cavalry and artillery after they had evacuated Yorktown. After the second battle of Bull Run he was assigned to command General Kearny's division and on November 15, 1862, was appointed commander of the 3d army corps, with which he distinguished himself at Fredericksburg. In April and May, 1863, he commanded a cavalry corps in raids toward Richmond, and then till April, 1864, was in command of the 23d army corps. He was then assigned to command a cavalry corps Page 259 in the Army of the Ohio. In the Atlanta campaign he undertook to capture Macon and Andersonville and release the prisoners con fined in the latter place, but was himself captured at Clinton, Georgia, and held a prisoner for three months. In December, 1864, he led a raid into southwestern Virginia; in February and March. 1865, commanded the District of East Tennessee; led an expedition to Asheville, North Carolina, in March and April; and was engaged in the capture of Salisbury and the subsequent operations in North Carolina. After the war he purchased a ranch in Los Angeles county, California; in 1882 was elected railroad commissioner of California as a Democrat; and the following year was elected governor of the state, serving till January, 1887. General Stoneman died in Buffalo, New York, September 5, 1894.

Stoughton, Edwin H., brigadier-general, was born in Vermont in 1837, served as a cadet at the military academy at West Point from July 1, 1854 to July 1, 1859. when he was graduated and entered the army as brevet second lieutenant of infantry. He served in garrison at Fort Columbus, New York, 1859-60, being promoted to second lieutenant in the 6th infantry September 5, 1859, and he resigned from the service on March 4, 1861. He served during the Civil war, first in scouting in western territories in 1861; in the defenses of Washington, D. C, from September, 1861, to March, 1862, having been commissioned colonel of the 4th Vermont infantry on Sept 21, 1861. He served with the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsular campaign, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the action at Lee's mill, the battles of Williamsburg, Savage Station and the operations before Richmond. He was on leave of absence from July to November, 1862; was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on November 5, and was in command of a brigade covering the defenses of Washington from that time until March 8, 7863, when he was captured by Mosby's command at Fairfax Court House. His commission expired by constitutional limitation March 4, 1863, and after being released as a prisoner of war he located in New York city and commenced the practice of law. He died in that city December 25, 1868.

Strong, George C, major-general, was born in Stockbridge, Vermont, in 1833. His father died when he was but eight years of age and he was adopted in the family of his uncle, A. S. Strong, of Easthampton, Massachusetts, under whose care he imbibed his first desire for military life. He entered West Point academy in the class of 1857 and held the post of first captain of cadets for three years. After graduating he had charge of the Bridesburg arsenal, was thence transferred to Fortress Monroe and thence to Mount Vernon, Alabama He subsequently had charge of the Watervliet arsenal a short time, but on the breaking out of the war he applied for active service and was placed on the staff of General McDowell at the battle of Bull Run, and was highly complimented for his efficiency in that battle. He was next appointed on the staff of General McClellan, but shortly afterward was detailed as ordnance officer by General Butler to the Department of the Gulf. He distinguished himself at Biloxi and in the perilous adventure up the Tangipahoa river. He was a brave and skillful officer, honored and trusted by the men under his command. At the assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston harbor, he commanded the assaulting column and led it with the judgment and courage of a veteran, but he received a mortal wound, from which he died in New York city on July 30, 1863. His commission as major-general dated from July 18, 1863, the day he was wounded at Fort Wagner.

Strong, William K., brigadier-general, was born in the state of New York and there achieved considerable prominence in civil life Page 260 prior to the breaking out of the Civil war. When hostilities began he took an active part in the support of the Federal government and on September 28, 1861, was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. He accepted the position and served faithfully until October 20, 1863, when he resigned from the service and retired to private life. General Strong died on March 15, 1868.

Stuart, David, brigadier-general, was born in the state of New York, but early in life removed to Illinois, in which state he was residing at the beginning of the Civil war. He assisted in organizing the 42nd Illinois infantry and was mustered into the service as its lieutenant-colonel on July 22, 1861. With this regiment he moved to St. Louis on September 21, but he severed his connection with it on October 31, 1861, to become colonel of the 55th Illinois infantry. This regiment was organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago and was one of two regiments raised by Colonel Stuart under an act of Congress and called the "Douglas Brigade." Colonel Stuart left Camp Douglas with the 55th for Alton, November 9, 1861, and thence by steamboat for St. Louis, arriving at Benton barracks on November 11. He received his baptism of fire at Shiloh, his regiment with one other holding an important position for over two hours on the first day of the battle, and after being nearly surrounded it retreated from point to point and took its position with its organization still complete in the last line formed in the evening near the landing. Colonel Stuart led his regiment in the battle the next day. acting on the right, and during this terrible two-days' conflict, the first in its history, his regiment lost the heaviest of any Federal regiment in that engagement, with one exception. It was in the advance on Corinth and on November 29, 1862, Colonel Stuart was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in this capacity until March 11, 1863, when his appointment was negatived by the U. S. senate and he retired from the military service. General Stuart died September 11, 1868.

Stumbaugh, Frederick S., brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, and at the outbreak of the Civil war took a very active part in support of the Federal government. On April 20, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 2nd Pennsylvania infantry for the three months' service, and with it proceeded to Cockeysville, then to York and Chambersburg, where it became a part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division. Department of Washington, and moved to Funkstown, Maryland He was mustered out of the three-months' service July 27, 1861, and on October 26 of the same year was again mustered into the military service as colonel of the 77th Pennsylvania infantry. He left the state with this regiment and proceeded to Louisville, Kentucky, thence to the Nolin river, where it was encamped for some time and assigned to the 5th brigade, 2nd division. Army of the Ohio. On March 2, 1862, the regiment arrived at Nashville, and on April 7 Colonel Stumbaugh led it in the second day's struggle of the battle of Shiloh. On May 28 with his command he was in front of the works at Corinth, Mississippi, and after the evacuation by the enemy slowly returned to Nashville, arriving there early in September. Later in the month he hastened with Buell's army to the protection of Louisville, was engaged with the enemy at Floyd's fork, Kentucky, and skirmished at Fern creek and Claysville. His regiment was not engaged at Perryville. and soon after that battle it returned to Nashville, where it rested until the opening of the winter campaign. On November 27 Colonel Stumbaugh led his regiment in a sharp skirmish near La Vergne, and on November 29, 1862, was commissioned Page 261 brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in that capacity until January 22, 1863, when his appointment as brigadier-general was revoked. He was honorably discharged as colonel May 15, 1863, and returned to the pursuits of a civil career.

Sturgis, Samuel D., brigadier-general, was born in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, June 11, 1822. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1846 and entered the army as brevet second lieutenant of the 2nd dragoons. In the permanent establishment he was promoted second lieutenant February 16, 1847, first lieutenant on July 15, 1853, captain in the 1st U. S. cavalry March 3, 1855, major May 3, 1861, lieutenant-colonel of the 6th cavalry October 27, 1863, colonel of the 7th cavalry May 6, 1869, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel August 10, 1861, for services at Wilson's creek, Missouri, colonel August 29, 1862, for gallantry at the second Bull Run, brigadier-general and major-general on March 13, 1865, for conduct at South mountain and Fredericksburg, and was retired June 11, 1886. In the volunteer service he was appointed brigadier-general August 10, 1861, and was mustered out August 24, 1865. He was captured by the Mexicans at Buena Vista, and was in service against the Indians during a large part of his military life. General Sturgis died in St. Paul, Minnesota, September 28, 1889.

Sullivan, Jeremiah C, brigadier-general, was born in Indiana and was the son of Jeremiah Sullivan, an early pioneer and an eminent jurist of that state. In early life he served in the U. S. navy for a time, but leaving that service engaged in civil pursuits, which he was following at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. He assisted in organizing the 6th Indiana infantry for the three-months' service, and as captain of a company in that organization left the state May 30, 1861, for West Virginia and reached Philippi on June 2. He participated in the first battle of the war at that place the following day, his regiment being attached to General Thomas A. Morris' brigade. On June 19 he was commissioned colonel of the 13th Indiana infantry and again left the state July 4, and joined McClellan's forces at Rich mountain, W. Virginia, where he participated in the battle. He was in numerous skirmishes about Cheat mountain and in the engagement there on September 12-14. With his regiment he supported a battery at Greenbrier and was in several skirmishes, after which he moved to Green Spring run, where he remained until spring. He was in the battle of Winchester in March and joined in pursuit of Jackson's army as far as New Market. Colonel Sullivan was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on April 28, 1862, and continued to serve in that capacity until May 11, 1865. when he resigned from the military service and engaged in peaceful pursuits. He died October 21, 1890.

Sully, Alfred, brigadier-general, was born in the state of Pennsylvania in 1821. Graduating at the United States military academy in 1841, he served with his regiment, the 2nd U. S. infantry, in the Florida war against the Seminole Indians, the Mexican war, the Rogue River expedition in Oregon, and in campaigns against the Sioux and Cheyennes in Minnesota and Nebraska. During the Civil war, as a colonel and later as brigadier-general of volunteers, he participated in the siege of Yorktown, the affair at West Point, the battles of Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern hill, Chantilly, South mountain, Antietam. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and the marches and campaigns incident thereto. He was ordered to Dakota territory in 1863 and commanded the expedition against the hostile Indians of the northwest, defeating the combined tribes at White Stone hill, for which engagement he Page 262 was brevetted a brigadier-general in the regular service, having already been made a brevet major-general of volunteers. General Sully died at Vancouver barracks, Washington Territory, April 27, 1879.

Sumner, Edwin Vose, major-general, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1796. He was educated at the Milton academy in Boston, was appointed second lieutenant in the 2nd U. S. infantry in March, 1819, and served in the Black Hawk war. When the 2nd regiment of dragoons was raised by General Jackson he was commissioned captain, was for many years employed in service on the Indian frontier, and subsequently commanded the school of cavalry practice at Carlisle, Pennsylvania He was promoted major in 1846 and in April, 1847, led the famous cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo, where he was wounded and obtained the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. At Contreras and Churubusco he won further honors and at the battle of Molino del Rey commanded the entire cavalry, holding in check 5,000 Mexican lancers. For his gallant conduct he received the brevet of colonel, and in July, 1848, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st dragoons. At the close of the war he was placed in command of the Department of New Mexico. In 1855 he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 1st cavalry, and the following year was in command at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas In July of 1857 he led a successful expedition against the Cheyenne Indians, and in 1858 was appointed commander of the Department of the West. In March, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general in the regular army in place of General Twiggs, and in March, 1862, was appointed commander of the 1st army corps, Army of the Potomac. At the siege of Yorktown he commanded the left wing and was engaged in all the battles of the Chickahominy. during which he was twice wounded. For his services before Richmond he was made major-general of volunteers and brevet major-general in the regular army. Upon the reorganization of the army General Sumner was assigned to the 2nd corps and in the battle of Antietam was wounded. Subsequently he was placed in command of the right grand division. Army of the Potomac, but upon the appointment of General Hooker as chief of that army he asked to be relieved, and after a few weeks was ordered to the command of the Army of the Frontier. Upon the way thither he was taken sick, and died after a short illness at Syracuse, New York, March 21, 1863.

Swayne, Wager, major-general, was born in Columbus, Ohio, November 10, 1834, son of Noah H. Swayne. late associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. He was educated at Yale college, graduating in 1856. and then entered the Cincinnati law school, in which he was graduated in 1859. He formed a law partnership with his father and practiced two years, or until the Civil war broke out, when he offered his services to the government and in July, 1861, was appointed major of the 43d Ohio infantry. He was first stationed at Camp Chase, near Columbus, then took part in the Missouri campaign under Pope in 1861-62, assisted in the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, and was engaged in the battles of Corinth and Iuka. During the Corinth engagement the colonel of the 43d Ohio was killed, the command devolving upon Major Swayne. who was subsequently commissioned as colonel. He continued with his regiment until the fall of 1863, in Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama, and in 1864 accompanied Sherman to Atlanta and on his march to the sea. During the campaign of the Carolinas Colonel Swayne lost his right leg by the explosion of a shell in an affair at the crossing of the Salkahatchie river, and "for gallant and distinguished services" in that action was commissioned brevet brigadier-general, Page 263 and later was promoted to the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. General Swayne was invalided until June, 1865, when at the request of General O. O. Howard, chief of the Freedmen's bureau, he was detailed by the war department to duty in Alabama as assistant commissioner of the bureau in that state. He instituted various enterprises for the education of the blacks and to provide them with sustenance and the opportunity to become self-supporting. Through Secretary Stanton he secured from President Johnson an order devoting certain confiscated war materials to the education of the freedmen and subsequently, through Senator, afterward Vice-President Henry Wilson, an act of Congress devoting to the same cause such real property as had been purchased from individuals by the Federal government, becoming by the rules of international law the property of the United States. But his policy was radically different from that which President Johnson eventually adopted, and accordingly General Swayne was recalled from Alabama in 1868. The command of the United States forces in Alabama had meantime, soon after he came into the state, been added to his duties, and to facilitate his work he was made a major-general of volunteers. In 1866 Congress increased the regular army of the United States by the creation of four regiments of infantry composed of disabled volunteer soldiers, known as "the veteran reserve corps." Generals Daniel E. Sickles, John C Robinson, Thomas G. Pitcher and Wager Swayne were respectively appointed to the command of these regiments. In December, 1868, General Swayne was assigned to duty in the war department at Washington, but in 1870 was placed on the retired list of the army at his own request and resumed the practice of law, locating at Toledo, Ohio. Almost immediately he took rank among the foremost lawyers of Ohio. He fought through the lower courts and finally through the supreme court of the United States, the constitutionality of a state law which was designed to tax national banks out of existence, and secured a final decision in the negative. General Swayne soon had among his clients such concerns as the American Union telegraph company and the Wabash railroad company, and in 1879 the growth of his railroad and telegraph business made it necessary for him to remove to New York city, where his clients were. In May, 1881, he entered into partnership with Judge John F. Dillon and the firm soon became general counsel for the Western Union telegraph company, the Missouri Pacific railroad company, and other great commercial and railway interests. General Swayne was the second president of the Ohio society of New York. He died December 18, 1902.

Sweeny, Thomas W., brigadier-general, was born in Cork, Ireland, December 25, 1820. He came to the United States in 1832, learned the printer's trade in New York city, and served in the 1st New York infantry in the Mexican war, receiving a wound at the battle of Churubusco which made it necessary to amputate his right arm. On returning to New York he was brevetted captain and was presented with a silver medal by the city government. He was commissioned second lieutenant in the U. S. infantry March 3, 1848; promoted first lieutenant June 11, 1851; captain January 19, 1861; major of the 16th infantry October 20, 1863; unassigned March 15, 1869, and was retired as brigadier-general in the U. S. army May 11, 1870. After entering the regular army he was ordered to California, where for a time he was commandant at Fort Yuma, and afterward he distinguished himself in campaigns with the Indians. At the beginning of the Civil war he was placed in charge of the U. S. Page 264 arsenal at St. Louis, Missouri, which he saved by threatening to explode the 40 tons of gunpowder stored there in case the secessionists attacked him. He was second in command of the national troops at the surrender of the Missouri state forces at Camp Jackson, was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers on May 20, 1861, and at the battle of Wilson's creek he was severely wounded. After this he was given command of the 52nd Illinois infantry, was attached to General Grant's army, took part in the capture of Fort Donelson, and at the battle of Shiloh successfully defended a gap in the line, for which General Sherman afterward said: "I attach more importance to that event than to any of the hundred events that I have since heard saved the day." In December, 1862, he was given command of a division of the 16th army corps and was engaged in protecting the Memphis & Charleston railroad. In the Atlanta campaign he commanded the 2nd division, 16th corps, Army of the Tennessee, with which he took possession of Snake Creek gap 24 hours before the arrival of supporting cavalry and held it against several assaults. Subsequently he took part in the battle of Resaca, forced a passage across Oostanaula river and fought a successful battle. lie also distinguished himself in the battles of Kennesaw mountain, and in the battle before Atlanta on July 22, 1864, his division repelled an assault and captured 4 Confederate flags and 900 prisoners. After the occupation of Atlanta he held the post of commandant at Nashville till July, 1865, and was mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24 following. General Sweeny was active in the Fenian invasion of Canada in 1866, during a virtual retirement from the army. After that event he was reinstated in the army and assigned to duty in the Southern military district. He was presented by the city of Brooklyn with a costly sword for his services during the Civil war. He died in Astoria, L. I., April 10, 1892.

Sykes, George, major-general, was born in Dover, Delaware, October 9, 1822. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1842, assigned to the 3d infantry, participated in the latter part of the war with the Seminoles and afterward served in the West. On September 21, 1846, he was promoted first lieutenant, engaged in the Mexican war, was present at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo (where he earned the brevet of captain), Contreras, Churubusco and the capture of Mexico City. He served as commissary under General Twiggs, then on frontier and garrison duty, took part in the Apache warfare of 1854 and the Navajo expedition of 1859, and attained the rank of captain September 30, 1855. He became major of the 14th infantry May 14, 1861, was present at the first battle of Bull Run, and received the commission of brigadier-general of volunteers on September 28, 1861. He joined the Peninsular campaign as leader of the regulars in General Fitz John Porter's corps, was brevetted colonel after Gaines' Mill, was appointed major-general of volunteers November 29, 1862, and given command of the 5th corps after the battle of Chancellorsville, holding the same until he was sent to Kansas April 20, 1864. At the end of the war he received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. A., for services at Gettysburg, and major-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services throughout the war. He had been promoted lieutenant-colonel in the regular army October 16, 1863, and on January 12, 1868, he became colonel of the 20th infantry. After 1877 he was in command at Fort Brown, Texas, where he died on February 9, 1880. Congress afterward appropriated $1,000, on motion of General Burnside, for the transfer of his remains to the cemetery at West Point, and to further the erection there of the fine monument which now stands to his memory.


Source: The Union Army, Vol. V. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.