G-J: Gamble-Judah

Source: The Union Army, Federal Publishing Company

Gamble, William, brigadier-general, was born in Ireland about 1819, came to America when twenty years old, and enlisted in the 1st U. S. dragoons, serving in the Florida war and being promoted sergeant and sergeant-major. He was honorably discharged from the army in 1843 and moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he was a civil engineer until the outbreak of the Civil war. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Illinois cavalry, September 18, 1861, was promoted colonel December 5, 1862, and was mustered out July 17, 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, December 14, 1864, and, enlisting again after his first discharge, was given the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers September 25, 1865. General Gamble was engaged in the battles of the Peninsula, proving himself a fearless and capable officer, and was severely wounded in the breast while leading a charge at Malvern hill, August 5, 1862. General Gamble died December 20, 1866.

Garfield, James A., major-general, was born in a one-room log house in Orange township, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, November 19, 1831. His father's death occurring when Garfield was only two years old, the boy spent his youth in alternate periods of study and hard manual labor on the farm. Obtaining money for his higher education by teaching school, he attended Geauga seminary at Chester, Ohio, and the Western Reserve eclectic institute (now Hiram college) at Hiram, Ohio, entered Williams college, Massachusetts, in 1854, and was graduated with distinguished honor in 1856. He was also, before entering college, a preacher in the Disciples church, though never ordained to preach. He was for a time instructor in ancient languages and literature in the Western Reserve eclectic institute, was its president from 1857-61 and studied law at Hiram, although he entered his name as a law student with a firm of lawyers in Cleveland. He joined the new Republican party and spoke for Fremont and Dayton in 1856, and was from 1860-62 Page 95 member of the Ohio legislature. At the outbreak of the Civil -war he gave up the practice of law, which he had but just begun, and in August, 1861, was commissioned by Governor Dennison lieutenant-colonel of the 42nd Ohio volunteers, a regiment which Garfield had enlisted at Hiram from the alumni of the institution. Colonel Garfield brought his regiment to a state of discipline, was elected its colonel and led it to the front in December, reporting to General Buell at Louisville, Kentucky He was at once assigned by General Buell to command a brigade of 2,500 men, and was commissioned to drive General Humphrey Marshall from the state. In this he had to attack, in a region where a majority of the people were hostile, a general with a force twice outnumbering his own and strongly entrenched in a mountainous country. Garfield concentrated his force, confused Marshall by sudden, rapid moves, and by false information skilfully prepared for him, so that the Confederate general abandoned his large store of supplies at Paintville and allowed himself to be caught in retreat by Garfield, who charged the full force of the enemy and maintained a hand-to-hand fight with it for five hours. He was then reinforced by Generals Granger and Sheldon, and Marshall was forced to give way, leaving Colonel Garfield victor at Middle creek, January 10, 1862, one of the most important of the minor battles of the war. In recognition of these services President Lincoln made him brigadier-general, dating his commission from the battle of Middle creek. He was assigned to the command of the 20th brigade and ordered to join General Grant, who was opposing General A. S. Johnston. Reaching the battle-field of Shiloh on the second day of the fight, April 7, 1862, he aided in repulsing the enemy and then joined General Sherman in his attack on the rear guard of the Confederate army. After rebuilding the bridges on the Memphis & Charleston railroad, and repairing the fortifications at Hartsville, Tennessee, General Garfield was forced to return home on sick leave, July 30, 1862. He remained at Hiram until September 25, when he was ordered on court-martial duty at Washington, where he so displayed his ability that on November 25 he was assigned to the case of General Fitz-John Porter. Returning to the Army of the Cumberland in February, 1863, he was made chief-of-staff to General Rosecrans, and so won that general's confidence and respect that when, on June 24, every one of the seventeen general officers except Garfield advised against an advance, Rosecrans disregarded their opinions and ordered the advance. General Garfield wrote out all the orders for the battle of Chickamauga except the fatal one which lost the day, and, after the defeat of the right of the army, carried the news of the defeat, though exposed to constant fire, to General Thomas on the extreme left, thus enabling that general to save the Army of the Cumberland. For this action Garfield won promotion to the rank of major-general of volunteers, September 19, 1863, which rank was conferred upon him "for gallantry on a field that was lost." He then declined command of a division urged upon him by General Thomas and, at the urgent request of President Lincoln, gave up ambitions for a military career and took his seat in Congress, December 7, 1863, to which he had been elected in October, 1862. serving until the end of the war as a member of the military committee, and winning respect as an expert, experienced and careful authority on military affairs. While on the military committee he opposed the bill that increased bounty paid for raw recruits, favored the draft and favored liberal bounties to veterans who re-enlisted. General Garfield's career from this point, although always illustrious, is not concerned with the Page 96 history of the Union army and will be but briefly sketched. He continued to sit in Congress, term after term, until 1880, being one of the leaders of his party, for several terms its candidate for speaker when the party was in the minority, taking particular interest in bills relating to the currency, and on January 13, 1880, was chosen United States senator from Ohio. At the Republican national convention, held in Chicago in 1880, Garfield supported John Sherman of Ohio against Grant, Blaine and others. Although not himself a candidate at first, he so won the admiration of the delegates from all sections that, after thirty ballots had been cast without a choice, he was elected on the thirty-sixth ballot. He took the stump in his own behalf and was elected in November, receiving the electoral votes of all but three of the northern states. President Garfield, early in his administration, incurred the enmity of Senator Conkling of New York—who had secured New York to the Republican column—by nominating W. H. Robertson for collector of the port of New York in direct opposition to the senators from that state. Both Senators Conkling and Piatt resigned their seats in the senate and failed at re-election, and the senate confirmed the president's nomination. President Garfield was shot by Charles Jules Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, in the station of the Baltimore & Potomac railroad, July 2, 1881, while on his way to attend the commencement exercises at Williams college. The president lingered between life and death at the White House, and subsequently at Elberon, New Jersey, and died at Elberon, September 19, 1881. He was buried at Cleveland, Ohio, and over the spot where his remains lie an imposing monument was erected by popular subscription at a cost of over $155,000.

Garrard, Kenner, brigadier-general, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1830. He was graduated at West Point in 1851 and was serving in Texas as captain of dragoons in 1861, when he was captured by Confederate forces. He was paroled but not exchanged until August 27, 1862, and in the meantime served as instructor and commandant of cadets at West Point. He was commissioned colonel of the 146th New York volunteers, in September, 1862, took part in the Rappahannock and Pennsylvania campaigns, was promoted brigadier-general July 23, 1863, and took part at Rappahannock station and in the Mine run operations. In 1864 he was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland as commander of a cavalry division, and participated in the operations around Chattanooga and the invasion of Georgia, being engaged constantly in detached operations. For services in the operation to Covington. Georgia, he was brevetted colonel U. S. A., and from December, 1864, until the end of hostilities he commanded the 2nd division of the 16th army corps, winning the brevets of major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general in the regular army for services at Nashville. He participated in the operations against Mobile, led in the capture of Fort Blakely, Alabama, and commanded the district of Mobile until mustered out of the volunteer service August 24. 1865. He was brevetted major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war. General Garrard resigned his commission in the regular army November 9, 1866, and died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 15, 1879.

Garrard, Theophilus T., brigadier-general, was born in Manchester, Kentucky, June 7, 1812. He was a member of the lower house of the Kentucky legislature in 1843-44, and served through the Mexican war as captain in the 16th U. S. infantry. He went to California by the overland route, upon the discovery of gold in Page 97 that state in 1849, remained a year and then returned to Kentucky by way of Panama. He was elected to the state senate in 1857, resigned to become a candidate for Congress, and was again elected state senator in 1861. When the Civil war broke out he actively espoused the Union side and was appointed colonel of a Kentucky infantry regiment, September 22, 1861. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and served with distinction until April 4, 1864, when he was honorably mustered out, having been incapacitated for further service by a severe affliction of the eyes. After the war he took up his residence in Clay county" Kentucky General Garrard died March 15, 1902.

Geary, John White, brigadier-general, was born in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland county. Pennsylvania, December 30, 1819. He entered Jefferson college but was compelled to leave before graduation on account of his father's sudden death and loss of property, then taught school and was a civil engineer at the time of the outbreak of the Mexican war. He organized the "American Highlanders," and as lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd Pennsylvania volunteer infantry joined General Scott at Vera Cruz and commanded the regiment at Chapultepec, where he was twice wounded, and at Belen Gate the same day. His service won the approbation of the commanding general and he was made the first commander of the city and promoted colonel of his regiment. At the close of the war he went to California, was made first postmaster of San Francisco, and was authorized by President Polk to establish the postal service throughout California. He was elected by the people alcalde and first mayor of San Francisco, and also judge of the first instance. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was instrumental in securing the organization of California as a free state, and upon his return to Pennsylvania he retired for several years from public life to his farm in Westmoreland county. He was appointed by President Pierce governor of Kansas in 1856, but resigned the next year upon failing to secure the state a free state constitution. Upon the outbreak of the Civil war he organized, in April, 1861, a regiment of 1,5oo men and reported for duty to General Banks at Harper's Ferry, Virginia He commanded in several engagements, distinguished himself and was wounded at Bolivar Heights, captured Leesburg, Virginia, March 8, 1862, and was made brigadier-general April 25. He was twice wounded at the battle of Cedar mountain, and on recovery was placed in command of the 2nd division of the 12th army corps, which he led in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was subsequently transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, in General Hooker's command, and distinguished himself at the battles of Wauhatchie and Lookout mountain. In Sherman's march to the sea he commanded the 2nd division of the 20th army corps, was the first to enter Savannah after its evacuation, December 22, 1864, and for his conduct at the capture of Fort Jackson and gallantry at Savannah, he was appointed military governor of the city. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, January 12. 1865, "for fitness to command and promptness to execute." Upon returning to Pennsylvania in 1866, General Geary was elected governor, and in 1869 he was re-elected. His administration was eminently successful, and, after his death, which occurred eighteen days after the expiration of his second term, the legislature erected a monument to his memory. General Geary died in Hamburg, Pennsylvania, February 8, 1873

Getty, George W., brigadier-general, was born in Georgetown, Page 98 D. C, October 2, 1819. He was graduated at West Point in 1840, doing garrison duty at various posts, was promoted 1st lieutenant October 31, 1845, and served in the Mexican war, being present at Contreras and Churubusco, for which service he was brevetted captain, April 20, 1847, and at Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the taking of the City of Mexico. He served in the Seminole wars of 1849-50, and 1856-57, was promoted captain in 1853, and was m Kansas during the troubles incidental to the organization of a state government, 1857-58. He was made aide-de-camp with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, September 28, 1861, commanded the artillery in the engagements near Budd's ferry in November and December of that year, and in the Peninsular campaign of 1862 commanded four batteries at Yorktown, Gaines' mill and Malvern hill. He engaged also at South mountain and Antietam, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, September 25, 1862, and took part in the Rappahannock campaign of 1862-63, being engaged at Fredericksburg and in the defense of Suffolk, from April 11 to May 3, receiving the rank of lieutenant-colonel U. S. A. April 19, 1863, for his services. He was brevetted colonel May 5, 1864, for gallantry at the battle of the Wilderness, where he was severely wounded, served in the defense of Washington in July, 1864, was brevetted brigadier-general for services in the battle of Petersburg, and on the same day, March 13, 1865, was given the brevet rank of major-general U. S. A., for services in the field during the war. He was also given the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers, August 1, 1864, for services at the battles of Fisher's hill and Winchester. After the war he became" colonel of the 37th infantry, July 23, 1866, and commanded various districts and posts until October 2, 1883, when he was retired from active service. General Getty died October 1, 1001.

Gibbon, John, major-general, was born near Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1827, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1847. In the Mexican war he served as 2nd lieutenant of artillery at the City of Mexico and at Toluca, and was then on frontier and garrison duty, served in the Seminole war, was instructor at West Point, 1854-57, and quartermaster, 1856-59. He was made chief of artillery in General McDowell's division, October 29, 1861, and brigadier-general of volunteers, May 2, 1862. He commanded a brigade through the Northern Virginia, Maryland, Rappahannock, and Pennsylvania campaigns of 1862-63, was brevetted major in the regular army, September 17, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Antietam; lieutenant-colonel, December 13, 1862, for Fredericksburg, where he was so severely wounded as to be disabled for service for three months, and colonel, July 4, 1863, for services at Gettysburg, where he was severely wounded while in command of the 2nd corps and disabled for four months. When he was able to return to service he was in command of the draft depot in Philadelphia until March 21, 1864, when he was assigned to a division in the 2nd corps, becoming major-general of volunteers, June 7, 1864, and being engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor. He commanded the 24th army corps after January 15, 1865, and was before Petersburg from June, 1864, to April, 1865, taking part in the assaults of the last two days and carrying two redoubts. He was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865, and was one of the commissioners to carry into effect the stipulations of Lee's surrender. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, January Page 99 15, 1866. After the war General Gibbon commanded various posts as colonel, first of the 36th and then of the 7th infantry, commanded the Yellowstone expedition against Sitting Bull in 1876, fought Chief Joseph and the Nez Perces at Big Hole pass in 1877, where he was wounded, commanded the Department of the Columbia, 1885, and then, until his retirement, April 20, 1891, the Department of the Pacific. He was promoted brigadier-general U. S. A., July 10, 1885. General Gibbon died in Baltimore, Maryland, February 6, 1896.

Gibbs, Alfred, brigadier-general, was born in New York April 22, 1823. He was graduated at West Point in 1846 and served in the Mexican war, winning the brevet of 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and captain for services at Garita de Belen, City of Mexico, engaging also at Vera Cruz, Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. After the war he was assigned to the staff of General Persifal F. Smith, with whom he served in Mexico, Texas and California, was promoted 1st lieutenant, May 31, 1853, and served on the frontier until the Civil war, engaging in several Indian expeditions and serving in New Mexico, 1860-61. He was promoted captain, May 13, 1861, was subsequently taken prisoner by the Confederates,, at San Augustine springs, New Mexico, and paroled until exchanged, August 27, 1862. He became colonel of the 130th New York regiment September 6,. was engaged in the operations about Suffolk until June, 1863, and in July and August of that year reorganized his regiment as the 1st New York dragoons. He commanded a cavalry brigade, 1864-65, serving under Sheridan in several raids, was brevetted major, June 11, 1864, for services at Trevilian Station, Virginia, lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Winchester, Virginia, and on October 19, 1864, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a cavalry brigade in the final attack and pursuit of the army of Northern Virginia in March and April, 1865, was present at the surrender of Lee, and commanded a cavalry division in the department of the Gulf, 186566. On March 13, 1865, he received all the brevets up to and including major-general in the regular army, for services during the war. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, February 1, 1866, became major of the 7th cavalry in July, and served in various forts in Kansas until his death, which occurred at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, Dec 26, 1868.

Gilbert, Charles C, brigadier-general, was born in Zanesville, Ohio, March 1, 1822, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1846. He served in the war with Mexico at Vera Cruz, 1847-48, and in the occupation of the Mexican capital, 1848. He was subsequently assistant professor at the military academy, 1850-55, and was on the frontier in Texas and the Indian territory from then until the outbreak of the Civil war, being promoted in the meantime 1st lieutenant and captain. He served in the southwest during the Civil war, was wounded at Wilson's creek, August 10, 1861; was appointed inspector-general of the Department of the Cumberland, September 20, 1861, and of the Army of the Ohio in the field, August 25, 1862. He was brevetted major for action at Shiloh, April 7, 1862; lieutenant-colonel for services at the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, August 30, 1862, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers, September 9, 1862, for gallant conduct at Springfield, Missouri, ^ndj Shiloh,*<C. Tennessee He became acting major-general in command of the Army of Kentucky, was brevetted colonel in the regular army for gallantry at Perryville on October 8, 1862, and afterward, taking command of ^.i the 10th division of the Army of the Ohio, guarded the Louisville' .;* & Nashville railroad through the winter, when he became assistant; Page 100 to the provost-marshal at Louisville until July 2, 1863. He was then commissioned major in the 19th infantry and served at various forts until September 21, 1866, when he was transferred to the 28th infantry. He was subsequently promoted lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and was retired, March 1, 1886, by operation of law. General Gilbert died January 17, 1903.

Gilbert, James J., brigadier-general, was born in Kentucky, about 1824, and at the time of entering the National service, in the summer of 1862, was in business in Lansing, Iowa. He was commissioned colonel of the 27th Iowa volunteers and served with his regiment without special distinction, and without seeing active service in battle, until the spring of 1864, when he joined General A. J. Smith for the Red River campaign. His gallant conduct at Fort De Russy and throughout the whole campaign, and before Nashville nearly a year later, won him promotion to brigadier-general February 9, 1865. On March 26, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious service during the campaign against the city of Mobile and its defenses. General Gilbert was honorably mustered out of the service, August 24, 1865. He died February 9, 1884.

Gillem, Alvan C, major-general, was born in Jackson county, Tennessee, July 29, 1830, was graduated at West Point in 1851 and saw active service against the Seminoles in 1851-52. He became a captain, May 14, 1861, served as brigade quartermaster, was brevetted major for gallantry at Mill Springs, and was in command of the siege artillery and chief quartermaster of the Army of Ohio in the Tennessee campaign, 1861-62, being engaged at Shiloh and in the siege of Corinth. He was made colonel of the 10th Tennessee volunteers. May 13, 1862, was provost-marshal of Nashville, commanded a brigade in the operations in Tennessee during the first half of the year 1863, and afterward served as adjutant-general of the state of Tennessee, being promoted brigadier-general August 17, 1863. He commanded troops guarding the Nashville & Northwestern railroad from July, 1863, to August, 1864, then took command of the expedition to eastern Tennessee, engaging in many combats and being brevetted colonel for bravery at Marion, Tennessee For bravery on the field of battle he received the brevet ranks up to and including major-general, U. S. A., receiving the highest brevet, April 12, 1865, for the capture of Salisbury, North Carolina, which he took in an expedition to North Carolina, having previously commanded a cavalry expedition to East Tennessee. When the state government of Tennessee was organized in 1865, General Gillem was vice-president of the convention and was chosen a member of the first legislature elected under the new constitution. He was promoted colonel in the regular army, July 28, 1866, commanded the District of Mississippi in 186768, served on the Texas frontier and in California, and in 1873 led the troops against the Modoc Indians at the Lava Beds. He died near Nashville, Tennessee, December 2, 1875.

Gillmore, Quincy A., major-general, was born in Black River, Ohio, February 28, 1825, was appointed cadet at the United States military academy in 1845 and graduated at the head of his class in 1849. The interval between graduation and the opening of the Civil war he spent as engineer at Hampton Roads, instructor and subsequently treasurer and quartermaster at the academy, and in charge of the fortifications in New York harbor. He was promoted captain of engineers in August, 1861, and as chief of engineers in the Port Royal expedition and after the capture of Hilton Head, South Carolina, rebuilt the forts and otherwise strengthened their position. General Gillmore gained his greatest Page 101 reputation and recognition as a leading military engineer by reducing Fort Pulaski, defending the water approach to Savannah, a strong fortification built on a marshy island that 'was entirely surrounded by deep water. The reduction of this fort, while considered essential to the success of the expedition, was regarded as impracticable by the ablest engineers of both armies. Captain Gillmore, then acting brigadier-general, accomplished this by establishing on Tybee island, a mile distant, eleven batteries of mortars and rifled guns, which, aimed and fired under his minute directions, so shattered the fort as to render it untenable. The bombardment was begun at 8 a. m., April 10, 1862, and lasted until 2 p. m. the following day. For the exploit Captain Gillmore was brevetted lieutenant-colonel U. S. A. He was given important commands in Kentucky in August, 1862, defeated General Pegram at Somerset in March, 1863, for which he was given the brevet rank of colonel, and in June, 1863, he was given command of the Department of the South, comprising all territory occupied by Union troops on the coasts of South Carolina. Georgia and Florida. He was placed in command of the 10th army corps in July, 1863, and commanded it in the operations against Charleston, South Carolina Here he again won distinction and was promoted by brevet to lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army for the capture of Fort Wagner in July, 1863. For the part he took in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, capture of Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg, and for operations against Charleston, at long range, from the battery known as the "Swamp Angel," he was also promoted major-general of volunteers and received the commendation of the commander-in-chief, who said of him, "His operations on Morris island constitute a new era in the science of engineering and gunnery." Being transferred in 1864 to the command of the 10th corps in Virginia, he was engaged at the landing at Bermuda Hundred and the action at Swift creek, captured the line in front of Drewry's bluff and enabled General Butler to withdraw his army to the intrenchments at Bermuda Hundred. He commanded two divisions of the 19th army corps in the defenses of Washington in July of the same year, and in 1865 was again ordered to' the Department of the South, which he commanded until near the end of that year, when he resigned his commission in the regular army, and, returning to service in the engineer' bureau in Washington, was made engineer-in-chief of all fortifications on the Atlantic coast south of New York. He was promoted major U. S. A., in June, 1863; lieutenant-colonel in 1874, and colonel, February 20, 1883. He was president of the Mississippi river commission created by Congress in 1879, of the boards of engineers for the improvement of the Cape Fear river, North Carolina, and the Potomac river and flats, of several boards for important harbor improvements, and was one of the judges at the Centennial exhibition of 1876. General Gillmore's works on professional subjects are considered among the highest authorities in their class. He died in Brooklyn, New York, April 7. 1888.

Gordon, George H., brigadier-general, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, July 19, 1824, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1846. In the Mexican war he took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, was wounded at Cerro Gordo and brevetted 1st lieutenant for bravery there, and engaged also in the battles of Contreras and Chapultepec and the assault on and capture of the City of Mexico. On December 21. 1847, he was attacked near San Juan bridge by two guerrillas, defended himself in a hand-to-hand fight and was Page 102 severely "wounded. He was promoted 1st lieutenant January 8, 1848, was on sick leave for a year, then on duty at the cavalry school for practice at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and subsequently was on frontier duty in Washington territory and on the coast survey, and in 1854 resigned to study law at the Harvard law school, being admitted to the bar in 1857, and practicing then in Boston until the outbreak of the Civil war. He became colonel of the 2nd Massachusetts regiment, May 24, 1861, was military governor of Harper's Ferry, commanded a brigade under General Banks, and for his conduct in the retreat from Strasburg to Williamsport was made brigadier-general of volunteers, June 9, 1862. He engaged with his brigade at Cedar mountain, Groveton and Antietam, was then on guard duty at Harper's Ferry, engaged in the operations under Gillmore against Charleston, 1863-64, and after that had command of the Department of Florida; kept open the communications with Little Rock, Arkansas, by the White river, and took part in the operations against Mobile. He was in command of the eastern district of the Department of Virginia in 1864-65, was brevetted major-general of volunteers April 9, 1865, and at the close of the war returned to Boston, becoming collector of internal revenue in 1866. General Gordon died at Framingham, Massachusetts, August 30, 1886.

Gorman, Willis A., brigadier-general, was born near Flemingsburg, Kentucky, January 12, 1814. He studied law at the University of Indiana, in which he was graduated in 1835, practised his profession in Bloomington, was for several terms in the state senate, and at the outbreak of the war with Mexico, in 1846, was appointed major of General Lane's regiment of Indiana volunteers. He was wounded at Buena Vista, was promoted colonel of the 4th Indiana volunteers in 1847, and in 1848 was civil and military governor of Pueblo. After the war he was representative in Congress from Indiana, 1849-53, governor of Minnesota territory in 1853-57, delegate to the Minnesota state constitutional convention in 1857 and representative in the state legislature in 1858. He entered the Union army in 1861 as colonel of the 1st Minnesota regiment, was present at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and on September 7 was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a brigade at the battles of Savage station, South mountain, Edwards' ferry and Antietam, and led a bayonet charge at Fair Oaks. He was at the head of the 2nd division, 2nd corps, until the reorganization of the army following McClellan's removal. He was mustered out of the service in 1864 and resumed his practice of law in St. Paul, being city attorney from 1869 until his death, May 20, 1876.

Graham, Charles K., brigadier-general, was born in New York city, June 3, 1824. He became a midshipman in the United States navy in 1841, served actively in the Gulf during the Mexican war until 1848, when he resigned and became a civil engineer in New York city. Having become, in 1857, constructing engineer in the Brooklyn navy yard, he offered his services, in 1861, together with those of about 400 men who had worked under him, the company becoming part of the Excelsior brigade in which Graham became major and subsequently colonel. He was actively engaged in the Army of the Potomac during the early part of the Civil war, and in November, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general. He fought in the battle of Gettysburg, was severely wounded there and taken prisoner, and, after his release, was assigned to command a gun-boat flotilla under General Butler. He was the first to carry the national colors up the James river, took part in the attack on Fort Fisher, and then remained on duty at different points until the close of the war. He was Page 103 brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service during the war. General Graham returned to the practice of engineering in New York city after the war, was chief engineer of the New York dock department, 1873-75, surveyor of the port, 1878-83, and naval officer, 1883-85. He died in Lakewood, New Jersey, April 15, 1889.

Graham, Lawrence P., brigadier-general, was born in Amelia county, Virginia, January 8, 1815. He was appointed 2nd lieutenant in the 2nd dragoons in 1837, was subsequently promoted 1st lieutenant and captain, and on June 14, 1858, major. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th cavalry in October, 1861, colonel of the 4th cavalry, May 9, 1864, and was promoted brigadier-general U. S. A. by brevet March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the Civil war. He took an active part in the Seminole war in Florida from 1837 to 1842, being present at the battle of Lochahatchee, and in the Mexican war won the brevet of major for gallantry in the engagements of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. In August, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general in the volunteer army, and in 1862 he raised and commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. He afterward acted as president of a general court-martial in St. Louis, and of a board for the examination of invalid officers at Annapolis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service August 24, 1865. General Graham was retired at his own request, December 15, 1870, after more than thirty years of continuous service in the army.

Granger, Gordon, major-general, was born in New York about 1822. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1845 and took part in the principal battles of the Mexican war, being brevetted 1st lieutenant and captain for bravery at Contreras and Churubusco and at the storming of Chapultepec. After the close of the war he served on western frontier service, and in 1861 was assigned to the staff of General McClellan at Cincinnati. When the 2nd Michigan cavalry was formed he was made its colonel, September 2, 1861, having previously served at Dug springs and Wilson's creek, in August, and been brevetted major for gallantry at Wilson's creek. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 26, 1862, commanded the cavalry division in the army of General Halleck in the siege of Corinth, became major-general of volunteers September 17, 1862, and was placed in command of the Army of Kentucky. He repelled Forrest's raid into the interior of Tennessee in June, 1863, commanded a division in General Rosecrans' army in the Tennessee campaign and distinguished himself at the battle of Chickamauga. Being soon afterward assigned to command the 4th army corps, he took a prominent part in the operations about Chattanooga and in the battle of Missionary ridge, November, 1863. On the reformation of the army he was granted a leave of absence, and, returning to the field in July, 1864, commanded a division at Fort Gaines, Alabama, in August, and was commander of the 13th corps in the capture of Fort Morgan and throughout the operations which resulted in the fall of Mobile in the spring of 1865. He was promoted by brevet lieutenant colonel and colonel for services at Chickamauga and Chattanooga; brigadier-general for gallantry in the capture of Mobile, and major-general U. S. A. for the capture of Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan. General Granger was mustered out of the volunteer service January 15, 1866, and at the time of his death was in command of the district of New Mexico, having been promoted colonel in the regular army July 28, 1866. He died in Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 10, 1876.

Granger, Robert S., brigadier-general, was born in Zanesville, Ohio, May 24, 1816, was graduated at the United States military academy_ in 1839 and saw his first active service in the Seminole war in Florida, 1840-42. He was subsequently for two years assistant instructor in tactics at West Point, and served in the Mexican war, winning promotion Page 104 to captain, September 8, 1847. He afterwards served on the Texas frontier, and on April 27, 1861, was captured by the Confederate commander on the Texas coast and paroled. While on parole he organized and prepared for the field a brigade at Mansfield, Ohio, and then, being exchanged in August, 1862, was commissioned in September brigadier-general of Kentucky troops. He engaged with Confederate troops at Shepherdsville, Lebanon Junction and Lawrenceburg, was for his action in the last named battle brevetted colonel in the regular army, and on October 20, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He commanded a division and, during 1863, the districts of Nashville and Middle Tennessee successively, and in the first part of 1864 prepared Nashville as a depot of supplies. He then commanded the District of Northern Alabama, and while there captured General Philip D. Roddey's camp, drove General Joseph Wheeler out of middle Tennessee and defended his district against the raid of General Forrest, and Decatur, Alabama, against the army of General Hood. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for these services and was awarded the brevet of major-general U. S. A. for services during the war. He commanded in northern Alabama during the occupation, in 1865, was promoted lieutenant-colonel U. S. A., on June 12 of that year; colonel, August 16, 1871, and was placed on the retired list, January 16, 1873. General Granger died in Washington, D. C, April 25, 1894.

Grant, Lewis A., brigadier-general, was born in Bennington county, Vermont, January 17, 1829. He was educated at Townsend and Chester, Vermont, practiced law at Bellows Falls, Vermont, and in 1861 organized the 5th regiment, Vermont volunteer infantry, of which he was commissioned major, August 15, 1861, lieutenant-colonel September 25, 1861, and colonel Sept . 16, 1862. He took command of the "Old Vermont Brigade" in February, 1863, and continued in command most of the time until the close of the war. The brigade was actively engaged in almost every important battle of the Army of the Potomac and with Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, and is said to have lost more heavily in killed and wounded than any other brigade in the Federal service. Colonel Grant was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, April 27, 1864, and brevetted major-general of volunteers October 19, 1864, for his services at the battle of Cedar creek, in which battle his division saved the day by holding Early in check for an hour in the morning, while later in the day, after the arrival of Sheridan, it was on this division that the line was formed from which the victorious charge of the afternoon was made. After the war General Grant was one of the organizers and for several years was president of the New England Loan & Trust company. He was made assistant secretary of war by President Harrison, in April, 1890, and resigned in December, 1893. He was awarded a Congressional medal of honor, in 1893, for having led his command at the battle of Salem Heights, Virginia, May 3, 1863,'over the enemy's works and captured three battle flags.

Grant, Ulysses S., general, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio, April 27, 1822. His grandfather was a soldier of the Revolution, bore arms at the battle of Lexington, and, when the war was ended, settled in western Pennsylvania. As a lad Ulysses assisted on the farm. He received the ordinary education of the frontier, going to school in winter, and at all other times working on the farm. In 1839, through the instrumentality of Thomas L. Hamer. member of Congress, he was appointed to a cadetship at West Point, entering at the age of seventeen. He was graduated in 1843, standing number twenty-one in a class of thirty-nine, slightly below the general average of the class. He was assigned to the infantry as brevet second lieutenant, and was sent to Jefferson barracks at St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained until May, Page 105 1844, was then sent to Louisiana, and in September, 1845, was commissioned second lieutenant. At the beginning of the Mexican war he joined the army of occupation under General Zachary Taylor and saw a great deal of service, being in all the battles of the war in which any one man could be. He first saw blood shed at Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, at Monterey he showed bold and skillful horsemanship by running the gauntlet of the enemy's bullets to carry a message for "more ammunition." In the spring of 1847 he was made quartermaster of his regiment and placed in charge of the wagons and pack-train for the march. At Vera Cruz he served with his regiment during the siege, until the capture of the place, March 29, 1847. At the battle of Molino del Rey, on September 8 following, he was with the first troops that entered the place. Seeing some of the enemy on top of a building, he took a few men, climbed to the roof and forced the surrender of six Mexican officers, for which service he was brevetted first lieutenant. At the storming of Chapultepec he distinguished himself by conspicuous services and received the brevet of captain. For an especially gallant exploit during the advance on the city of Mexico he was summoned into the presence of General Worth, specially complimented and promoted to a full first lieutenancy. Lieutenant Grant remained with the army in Mexico until the withdrawal of the troops in 1848, then went with his regiment to Pascagoula, Mississippi, and at the close of the war was transferred with his regiment to Detroit, Michigan On July 5, 1852, he sailed from New York with his regiment for California, via the Isthmus of Panama, going first to Benicia barracks, California, and thence to Fort Vancouver, Oregon, a lonely outpost in the wilderness of the extreme Northwest. In July, 1854, the year after he became captain, he resigned from the army and went to St. Louis, where he had married, in 1848, Julia T. Dent, a sister of one of his classmates at West Point. The next six years of his life were years of poverty, obscurity and failure. He tried his hand as a farmer but was not successful; took up bill collecting, but this also resulted in failure; tried for the position of county engineer, but failed to get the place; tried auctioneering, and also made an experiment in the real estate business, but the result was the same in all his ventures. In the winter of 1859 he was actually wandering about the streets of St. Louis seeking work, and even offering to become a teamster to accompany quartermaster's stores to New Mexico. He finally went to Galena, Illinois, and became a clerk at a nominal salary of $66 a month, in the store of his father and brother, who had a leather and saddlery business. Lincoln's first call for troops was made on April 15, 1861, and the telegraph flashed the call throughout the country. That evening the Galena court house was packed with an excited crowd, and Grant, being known as a West Pointer, as well as a Mexican soldier, was called upon to preside. In four days he was drilling a company of volunteers, then offered himself to Governor Yates of Illinois, and was given the charge of mustering regiments. His eleven years' service in the regular army brought him a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, to dfite from May 17, 1861, and on May 24 he wrote to Adjt.-General Thomas, commanding at Washington, D. C, tendering his services to the government, but the letter was carelessly filed away and temporarily lost. Governor Yates then placed Grant in command of the 21st Illinois volunteer infantry, and on July 3 he led it to Palmyra, Missouri, and from there to guard the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad. Subsequently he took command of the district of southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo, and on September 6, took possession of Paducah, Kentucky, on the Ohio near the mouth of the Tennessee, thus commanding a large region. Early in November he was ordered to make a demonstration in the direction of Belmont, a point on the west bank of the Mississippi, about eighteen miles below the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi, Page 106 the object being to prevent the crossing of hostile troops into Missouri. He received his orders November 5; moved 3,100 men on transports on the 6th; landed at Belmont on the 7th, and broke up and destroyed the camp while under fire, with raw troops. When General Halleck assumed command of the Department of the Missouri he placed Grant in command of the district of Cairo, which was enlarged so as to make one of the greatest in size in the country, including the southern part of Illinois, Kentucky west of the Cumberland, and the southern portion of Missouri. In February, 1862, Grant gained a reluctant consent to a well-matured plan that he had been cherishing for a month past, and started off with 15,000 men, aided by Com. Foote with a gunboat fleet, to capture Forts Henry and Donelson, the former commanding the Tennessee river, and the latter the Cumberland, near the dividing line between Kentucky and Tennessee. The capitulation of both of these forts, as well as the other military achievements of General Grant, are important parts of the main history of the Civil war, and are given appropriate mention on other pages of this work, but it may be said here that the boldness of the assault at Fort Donelson, and the completeness of the victory, made Grant the hero of the people. The president nominated him to the senate as major-general of volunteers, to date from February 16, 1862, the date of the surrender of Fort Donelson, and the senate immediately confirmed him. While this was going on General Halleck, who never seemed to estimate Grant's work at its value, was writing to the war department that after his victory Grant had not communicated with him, and the result of this complaint was that Grant was suspended from his command. Halleck's jealousy met with a rebuff, however, and Grant was restored to his position and was soon on his way to other important and decisive victories. On March 17 he transferred his headquarters to Savannah, on the Tennessee river, and in the vicinity of Pittsburg landing. After the dearly-bought victory at Shiloh, Grant was named second in command of all the Federal troops congregated in that section, but especially intrusted with the right wing and reserve, and on April 30 the order was given to advance against Corinth. On June 21 Grant moved his headquarters to Memphis, on July 11 Halleck was appointed general-in-chief of all the armies and six days later set out for Washington, leaving Grant in command of the Army of the Tennessee, to which position he was officially promoted on October 25. On January 29, 1863, he arrived at Young's point above Vicksburg, and began in detail the working out of well matured plans of his own, the ultimate object of which was the capture of the fortified city of Vicksburg, a supposed impregnable position commanded by the Confederate General Pemberton. The history of this campaign is the record in detail of one of the master strokes and brilliant achievements of the Federal forces during the Civil war, but it is unnecessary to recount the different movements in this sketch. On May 1 he defeated a portion of Pemberton's force at Port Gibson; on May 12 he routed a part of Johnston's army that was trying to join Pemberton; and then pushed on to Jackson, Mississippi, capturing that place on the 14th. Grant then turned about and moved rapidly toward Vicksburg, attacking Pemberton at Champion's hill, and from this onward the advance was steady and the fighting constant. And after an active campaign of eighty days, on the afternoon of July 4, 1863, the Federal troops marched in and took possession of the city, while Pemberton's troops marched out as paroled prisoners of war. Port Hudson soon surrendered to Banks, and the Mississippi was open for commerce through its entire length, or, as President Lincoln expressed it, "the mighty river ran unvexed to the sea." Grant was at once appointed a major-general in the regular army to date from July 4, 1863, a gold medal was given him by Congress, and on October 18 he was given command of the "Military District of the Mississippi," Page 107 comprising the departments of the Tennessee, the Ohio, and the Cumberland. He went at once to Chattanooga, took command in person, and five days later a three hours' battle was fought at Wauhatchie in Lookout valley, resulting in a Federal victory and the opening of a much-needed line of communication for supplies. Grant then ordered a concentration of forces near Chattanooga, and on November 23, one month after his arrival, began the series of battles embracing Chattanooga, Orchard knob, Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. On March I, 1864, Grant was nominated lieutenant-general, the grade having been revived by Congress, was confirmed by the senate on March 2, and left Nashville, where he then was stationed, in obedience to an order calling him to Washington, March 4. His new commission was handed him by the president on the 9th, and he was given formal command of all the armies of the United States on the 17th. He established himself at Culpeper, Virginia, with the Army of the Potomac, and opened the final great campaign of the war, on May 4, when he crossed the Rapidan, and the 5th, 6th, and 7th witnessed the terrible scenes of the battle of the Wilderness between opposing forces aggregating 183,000 men. Then by strategic movements Grant endeavored to outwit Lee, and a long series of battles resulted. Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor and Chickahominy followed, and by the time Grant had reached the James river he had lost, including the Wilderness fight, 70,000 of his troops. Then ensued the Richmond and Petersburg campaign, with the capture of those places as the desideratum, and through the summer, autumn, and following winter the campaign was "fought out on this line." On the morning of April 2, 1865, an assault was begun upon the lines around Petersburg, the city was evacuated the same night, and the Federal forces took possession on the morning of April 3. Then the retreat of the Confederates began, closely pursued by the Federal troops, and on April 9 the end came—the war was over—Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Following the surrender Grant established his headquarters in the city of Washington. Wherever he went he was greeted with ovations; honors were heaped upon him from every hand, and he was universally hailed as the country's deliverer. Congress, as a reward for his military valor, created for him the grade of general. He also obtained through Congress the entire control of affairs relating to the southern states, and in August, 1867, was appointed by President Johnson secretary of war ad interim while Secretary Stanton was under suspension. Grant protested against this action, and much dissension, ensued, but he held the office until January 4, 1868, when, the senate refusing to confirm the suspension of Stanton, Grant promptly retired, greatly to the president's annoyance. Grant grew daily in popularity with the people, and at the national convention of the Republican party, held at Chicago on May 20, 1868, he was nominated for the presidency on the first ballot. When the election occurred in November, out of 294 electoral votes cast for president, Grant received 214, and Seymour, the Democratic candidate, 80—the former carrying twenty-six states against eight won by his rival—and on March 4, 1869, the victorious general took the oath as chief executive of the United States. During his first term of office occurred the Credit Mobilier scandal, in connection with the building of the Union Pacific railroad, but in all the investigations made in connection with the matter, no stain ever rested on Grant. There came another scandal, the "Back-pay" affair, where certain laws regarding salaries had been passed, retroactive in their character, and near the close of his term a determined effort was made by his political enemies to encompass his defeat. The lamented Horace Greeley was placed against him in the presidential contest of 1872, but Grant carried thirty-one states and received the largest vote that had ever been given for any presidential Page 108 candidate. His second administration was mainly important for the passage of the "Resumption act" in January, 1875, and the detection and punishment of the ringleaders in the notorious "Whiskey ring," of which many were men of great personal influence, and with friends claiming to hold very important positions near the president himself. Shortly after the close of his second term, on May 17, 1877, he set sail from Philadelphia on a tour of the world, his first objective point being England. On May 28 he arrived at Liverpool and there received the first of a grand series of ovations in foreign lands, which for two years and four months constituted a triumphal tour never experienced by even a Roman or Oriental monarch, his welcome by every class of people, from royalty to peasants, being of the most heartfelt kind. He finally sailed from Yokohama for home on September 3, 1879, and touched the American shore at San Francisco on September 20. Then banquets and receptions met him everywhere, until he sought the retirement of his private home. In 1880 he visited Cuba and Mexico, after which he went with his family to his old home in Galena, Illinois, but the popular feeling in his favor was such that a movement was started for his third nomination to the presidency of the United States. The convention gathered at Chicago, in June, 1880, and for thirty-six ballots the iron-clad vote for Grant was 306, with slight variations ranging between 302 and 313. After a long and exciting contest, the opposition became united upon James A. Garfield and secured his nomination, thus defeating the third-term movement. The military and public life of General Grant having ended, he invested his entire capital of accumulated money in a banking house in New York city, and in May, 1884, through a series of unblushing frauds the firm became bankrupt, and the man who had been able to conquer and subdue the greatest uprising in all history found himself completely swindled by the skillful manipulation of a single business partner. In 1884, at the age of sixty-two, General Grant was attacked by a disease which proved to be cancer at the root of the tongue, and which ultimately caused his death. On March 4, 1885, Congress unanimously passed a bill creating him a general on the retired list, thus restoring him to his former rank with full pay; but he enjoyed this evidence of a nation's gratitude but a short time, for on July 21 an alarming relapse set in, and on Thursday morning, July 25, 1885, death released him from his suffering. In 1884 he began the preparation in two octavo volumes of "Personal Recollections," in which he told the story of his life down to the close of the Civil war, and he finished the proof-reading four days prior to his death. General Grant was buried at New York city, and the public funeral, which occurred August 8, 1885. was the most impressive spectacle of the kind ever witnessed in the United States.

Greene, George Sears, brigadier-general, was born in Apponaug, Warwick, Rhode Island, May 6, 1801. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1823, second in his class, served in various garrisons and as instructor at West Point until 1836, when he resigned and became a civil engineer, building many railroads in the states of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Maryland and Virginia. He served in the Croton aqueduct department in the city of New York, and designed and built the reservoir in Central park and the enlargement of High bridge. He entered the army in January, 1862. as colonel of the 60th New York regiment, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862, commanded his brigade at Cedar mountain, and commanded the 2nd division of the 12th corps at the battle of Antietam. He also led a brigade at the battle of Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg, on the night of July 2, 1863, he held with his brigade the right wing of the Army of the Potomac at Culp's hill against the onslaught of more than a division of Confederate troops, thus saving the position of the wing. He was Page 109 transferred to the western armies in September, 1863, and in a night engagement at Wauhatchie, near Chattanooga, October 28, 1863, was dangerously wounded in the jaw. Returning to active service in January, 1865, he rejoined the army at New Berne, North Carolina, took part in the battle of Kinston, where he had a horse shot under him, commanded a brigade at Goldsboro, and in Slocum's corps in the march to Washington, D. C, where the army was disbanded. He was brevetted major-general in the volunteer army for his services, March 13, 1865. He died at Morristown, New Jersey, January 28, 1899.

Gregg, David McM. (see vol. I, page 311).

Gresham, Walter Q., brigadier-general, was born in Lanesville, Harrison county, Indiana, March 17, 1833. He was educated at Corydon seminary and the University of Indiana, studied law in the office of Judge William A. Porter, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, entering a partnership with Judge Thomas C Slaughter. He canvassed the state in that year in the interest of his partner, who was candidate for Congress on the anti-Nebraska bill ticket, canvassed the state in 1856 for John C Fremont, and in 1860 was elected to the state legislature, where he was chairman of the military committee. At the beginning of the Civil war he offered his services to the government, and, on being refused a commission, organized a company at Corydon, of which he was chosen captain, becoming later lieutenant-colonel of the 38th Indiana volunteers. He was promoted colonel of the 53d regiment in December, and was present at Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the siege of Vicksburg, and then, on recommendation of General Grant, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, August 11, 1863. Being then assigned to Sherman's army, he commanded the 4th division of the 17th corps at Atlanta, and for gallantry at Atlanta was brevetted major-general of volunteers. March 13, 1865. He was shot in the knee in the engagement at Bald hill, Georgia, July 22, 1864 and his wound incapacitated him for further active service. After the war General Gresham attained prominence as a politician and statesman. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1864 and 1866, was financial agent at New York for the state of Indiana, 1867-68, and from 1869-82 United States district judge for Indiana under appointment from President Grant. He was then postmaster-general under President Arthur, for three months secretary of the treasury after the death of Secretary Folger, and then United States judge for the Seventh judicial district until 1893, when he resigned to accept the portfolio of state in President Cleveland's cabinet. This office he held at the time of his death, which occurred in Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895.

Grierson, Benjamin H. (see vol. III, page 209). Griffin, Charles, major-general, was born in Licking county, Ohio, in 1826, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1847. In the Mexican war he commanded a company under General Patterson in the campaign from Vera Cruz to Puebla, and after the war served against the Navajo Indians, on general frontier service, and then as instructor in artillery practice at West Point, until 1861. having been promoted 1st lieutenant in 1849. He commanded the "West Point Battery" in the first battle of Bull Run, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers June 9, 1862, and served with McClellan's army, distinguishing himself for action at Gaines' mill: commanded the artillery at Malvern hill, where he supported his brigade against the assault of General Magruder, and contributed largely to the success of the day. He was ordered to support Pope at Manassas and after the battle was arrested on charge of reframing from taking part in the action and "spending the day in making ill-natured strictures upon the commanding general." He was tried and acquitted and was promoted to command a division, which he led at Page 110 Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in all the engagements from the Wilderness to Five Forks. He commanded the 5th army corps at Appomattox, and, by direction of General Grant, received the arms and colors of the Army of Northern Virginia after the surrender. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, August i, 1864; colonel in the regular army, August 18, 1864, and brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A. May 13, 1865. He was promoted colonel of the 35th infantry, July 28, 1866, commanded the District of Maine in 1865-66, the Department of Texas with headquarters at Galveston, 1866-67, and after the removal of General Sheridan, the Department of the Gulf. When ordered to transfer his headquarters to New Orleans from Galveston, as the yellow fever was epidemic in the latter city, he refused to obey, replying to the order that "to leave Galveston at such a time was like deserting one's post in time of battle." He died of yellow fever at Galveston, Texas, September 15, 1867.

Griffin, Simon G., brigadier-general, was born in Nelson, New Hampshire, August 9, 1824. He was educated at Roxbury, New Hampshire, taught school, represented his native town in the state legislature, 1859-60, studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1860 began to practice in Concord. Being commissioned captain in the 2nd New Hampshire volunteers at the beginning of the Civil war, he fought at Bull Run, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 6th New Hampshire regiment in the fall of 1861, commanded his regiment in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina in January, 1862, and on April 22 was promoted colonel. He distinguished himself in April by capturing, with 60o men and the aid of five gun-boats, a number of prisoners and stands of arms at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and again at Camden, where his regiment fought with such notable gallantry that it was permitted to inscribe "Camden, April 19, 1862," upon its colors. He commanded a brigade at second Bull Run, Chantilly and South mountain, and at Antietam he charged the stone bridge and carried it in the face of a heavy fire. He was present at Fredericksburg, where his regiment lost one-third its number, and in May, 1863, was given permanent command of the 1st brigade, 2nd division, 9th army corps, and with it joined Sherman in the defense of the rear of Grant's army before Vicksburg. He then joined Burnside at Knoxville, commanded Camp Nelson, Kentucky, where he was at the head of 9,000 troops, and in 1864 joined the Army of the Potomac on the Rapidan, commanding his brigade in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House, and so distinguishing himself in the last named battle that on General Grant's recommendation he was promoted brigadier-general. General Griffin commanded a brigade at the North Anna, Totopotomy, Bethesda church and Cold Harbor, and commanded two brigades in the assault on Petersburg, carrying the works and capturing 1,000 prisoners, together with arms, ammunition and artillery. On April 2, 1865, he arranged and planned the assault at "Fort Hell," and for gallant conduct was brevetted major-general of volunteers, participating afterward in the pursuit and capture of Lee's army. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, August 24, 1865, declined an appointment in the regular army and returned to New Hampshire, where he was a representative in the state legislature, 1867-69, was chairman of the Republican state convention in 1868, and in 1888 commander of the Massachusetts commandery of the military order of the Loyal Legion. He subsequently became extensively interested in land and railroad enterprises in Texas and devoted much time to literary work. General Griffin died January 14, 1902.

Grose, William, brigadier-general, was born in Dayton, Ohio, December 16, 1812. He received a common school education and attained some prominence in local politics prior to the war, being a Pierce elector and Page 111 unsuccessful candidate, in 1852, for Congress; elected member of the state legislature in 1856, and judge of the court of common pleas in 1860. This latter office he resigned in 1861 to accept the colonelcy of the 36th Indiana infantry, which he had recruited. At Shiloh his was the only regiment of Buell's army that engaged in the first day's fight, and after the battle he was promoted to command a brigade. He served with the Army of the Cumberland in all its campaigns, including Vicksburg, Chickamauga, Lookout mountain, Dalton, and the battles in front of Atlanta, and, at the request of Generals Sherman and Thomas, he was promoted brigadier-general, receiving his commission while under fire in front of Atlanta. General Grose then served in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and afterwards was president of a court-martial at Nashville until January, 1866, being brevetted major-general of volunteers August 13, 1865. He subsequently served as collector of internal revenue under appointment by President Johnson, 1866-74, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1878, served in 1884-86 as one of a commission to build three hospitals for the insane, and in 1887 served as member of the Indiana legislature. General Grose died July 30, 1900.

Grover, Cuvier, brigadier-general, was born in Bethel, Maine, July 24, 1829, and was graduated at West Point in 1850. He saw his first service in the west and rose to captain before the outbreak of the Civil war. On April 14, 1862, having previously been called east to the defense of Washington, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and was assigned to the command of the 1st brigade, 2nd division, 3d army corps, Army of the Potomac . He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the regular establishment for gallantry at Williamsburg, and colonel for service at Fair Oaks, was then transferred with his brigade to Pope's army, where he distinguished himself in a brilliant bayonet charge, in which, after a hand-to-hand struggle which lasted over an hour, his men were obliged to fall back before a superior force. Being transferred to the Department of the Gulf, he took charge of the 4th division of the 19th corps, with which he took possession of Baton Rouge, and in the siege of Port Hudson he commanded the right wing of General Banks' army. He held the right of the 2nd corps in the first line of battle at Winchester and charged the enemy with great bravery, and again distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry at Fisher's hill and Cedar creek, being wounded at the latter battle and brevetted on the same day major-general of volunteers for gallantry at Winchester and Fisher's hill. On March 13, 1865, he was given the brevet rank of brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army in recognition of gallant and meritorious services in the field. General Grover was mustered out of the volunteer service, August 24, 1865, and subsequently served on frontier and garrison duty, rising to the rank of colonel of the 1st cavalry, December 2, 1875. He died in Atlantic City, New Jersey, June 6, 1885.

Hackleman, Pleasant A., brigadier-general, was born in Franklin county, Indiana, November 15, 1814, son of Major John Hackleman, an officer in the war of 1812. He was admitted to the bar in 1837 and soon won distinction in the practice of his profession in Rushville; was judge of probate court of Rush county, 1837-41; clerk of the state house of representatives and clerk of Rush county, 1841-47, and in 1848 and again in 1858 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1860 and to the peace conference at Washington in 1861. He entered the national service in May, 1861, as colonel of the 16th Indiana regiment, served in the first battle of Bull Run and later on the staff of General Banks in Virginia, and on April 28, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. In June he was ordered to report to General Grant in the southwest. He participated actively in the Page 112 battles of Iuka and Corinth, and was killed in the latter battle, near Corinth, Mississippi, October 4, 1862.

Halleck, Henry W., major-general, was born at Westernville, Oneida, county, New York, January 16, 1815. After a common-school education, received at Hudson academy, and a partial course at Union college, he entered the United States military academy July 1, 1835, graduating four years later third in a class of thirty-one. On July 1, 1839. he was appointed second lieutenant in the engineer corps of the army, and from his marked ability and skill as an instructor, while still a cadet, was retained as assistant professor of engineering at the academy until June 28, 1840. During the next year he acted as assistant to the board of engineers at Washington, D. C, and was thence transferred to assist in the construction of the fortifications in New York harbor. Here he remained several years, with the exception of time spent in 1845 on a tour of inspection of public works in Europe, receiving while absent a promotion to first lieutenant. At the outbreak of the war with Mexico, he was sent to California as engineer of military operations for the Pacific coast, and after a seven-months' voyage in the transport Lexington, reached Monterey, California, which he partially fortified as a port of refuge for the Pacific fleet, and a base for incursions into California by land. In his military capacity he accompanied several expeditions; in that of Colonel Burton into Lower California, he acted as chief of staff to that officer, and took part in the skirmishes of Palos Prietos and Urias, November 19-20, 1847; with a few volunteers made a forced march to San Antonio, March 16, 1848, surprising a large Mexican garrison and nearly capturing the governor, and was engaged at Todos Santos on March 30. He was also aid-de-camp to Com. Shubrick in naval operations on the coast, among which was the capture of Mazatlan (of which for a time he was lieutenant-governor), and for "gallant and meritorious services," received the commission of captain by brevet, to date from May 1. 1847. As secretary under the military governments of Generals Mason and Riley, he displayed "great energy, high administrative qualities, excellent judgment and admirable adaptability to his varied and onerous duties," and as a member of the convention, called to meet at Monterey, September 1, 1849, to frame a constitution for the state of California, he was substantially the author of that instrument. On December 21, 1852, he was appointed inspector and engineer of lighthouses; from April 11, 1853, was a member of the board of engineers for fortifications of the Pacific coast, receiving the promotion of captain of engineers on July 1, and retained all these positions until August 1, 1854. when he resigned from the army to become the head of the most prominent law firm in San Francisco, with large interests and much valuable property in the .state, with whose development and prosperity his name was identified. In 1860-61 he was major-general of the militia of California, and at the outbreak of the Civil war tendered his services to the government, and was appointed major-general of regulars at the urgent recommendation of General Scott, his commission dating August 19. 1861. On November 18 he took command of the Department of Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis, where his vigorous rule soon established order. After the victory at Shiloh Halleck took the field, having, March 11, 1862, succeeded to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, and the siege of Corinth took place under his personal direction. After the evacuation by the enemy, and in the midst of the fortification of Corinth against his return from the south, Halleck was visited by two assistant secretaries of war and one U. S. senator, to urge his acceptance of the office of general-in-chief, which had been tendered him, but which he declined until events in the Peninsular campaign forced his acceptance of the honor on July 23. From Washington, on October 28. he wrote the letter which constitutes "the only official Page 113 explanation of the final removal of McClellan from command, November 7." After General Grant became lieutenant-general of the army, Halleck remained at Washington as chief of staff from March 12, 1864, to April 19, 1865, and from April 22 to July 1 of the latter year was in command of the military division of the James with headquarters at Richmond. On August 30 he took command of the division of the Pacific, from which he was relieved by General George H. Thomas, and on March 16, 1869, was transferred to that of the South, with headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky General Halleck died at Louisville, January 9, 1872.

Hamblin, Joseph E., brigadier-general, was born in Yarmouth, Massachusetts, in 1828, was for many years prior to the Civil war a member of the 7th New York militia regiment, and on the outbreak of the war accompanied that regiment to Washington. At the expiration of his first thirty days' service he was made adjutant of the 5th New York volunteers, and was soon afterward transferred as lieutenant-colonel to the 65th New York volunteers and assigned to the 1st brigade, 3d division, Army of the Potomac, under General Joseph Hooker. He commanded his regiment at Chancellorsville, distinguished himself at Hazel run, May 2, 1862, was promoted colonel and led his regiment at Gettysburg during the entire engagement. He served under Grant from the Wilderness to Petersburg, was with Sheridan's army in the valley, where he commanded the 2nd brigade in the battle of Cedar creek and was severely wounded. For gallantry at Cedar creek he was brevetted brigadier-general and given command of the brigade, and upon the return of the corps to Petersburg he was promoted to the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers and participated in all the subsequent engagements of the Army of the Potomac to the surrender at Appomattox, being brevetted major-general of volunteers for distinguished bravery at Sailor's creek. He was mustered out of the service, January 15, 1866, and returned to New York city, where he died July 3, 1870.

Hamilton, Andrew J., brigadier-general, was born in Madison county, Alabama, January 28, 1815. He was for some years clerk of the circuit court of his native county, moved to Texas in 1846 and practised law at Austin, becoming attorney-general of the state and a Buchanan elector. He was a representative in the 39th Congress, 1859-61, having been elected as a Republican, opposed the secession of Texas in 1861 and removed north. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862, and in the same year was appointed by President Lincoln military governor of Texas. He commanded the U. S. troops at Matamora. In 1865 he became provisional governor of the state under appointment of President Johnson, and in 1866 he became a justice of the supreme court of the state. The same year he was delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists' convention, and also delegate to the soldiers' convention held in Pittsburg. He was an independent candidate for governor of Texas in 1869, but was defeated. General Hamilton died in Austin, Texas, April 10, 1875.

Hamilton, Charles S., major-general, was born in Westernville, New York, November 16, 1822. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1843, went to Mexico in 1846 as 1st lieutenant in the army of occupation, was brevetted captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and was severely wounded at Molino del Rey. He subsequently served on frontier duty until 1853, when he resigned his commission and engaged in farming and milling at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, returning to the service of the United States at the beginning of the Civil war as colonel of the 3d Wisconsin volunteers. May 11, 1861, and being promoted six days later to brigadier-general. When Banks opposed the advance of "Stonewall" Jackson in northern Virginia, General Hamilton commanded the 1st division. He was transferred to the Army of the Potomac in 1862 and served in the operations of that year, including the siege of Yorktown, receiving Page 114 promotion to the rank of major-general of volunteers September 19, 1862. Being transferred to the Army of the Mississippi, he commanded the 3d division at Iuka, September 19, 1862, and at Corinth on October 3 and 4, and was then, until January, 1863, commander of the left wing of the Army of the Tennessee. Resigning from the army in April, 1863, he returned to Wisconsin, was member of the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin, 1866-75, being president of the board, 1869-75, and from 1869 to 1875 was United States marshal for the district of Wisconsin. General Hamilton died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 17, 1891.

Hamilton, Schuyler, major-general, was born in New York city, July 25, 1822. He was graduated at West Point in 1841, entered the first infantry and served on the plains and as assistant instructor in tactics at West Point. In the Mexican war he served with conspicuous distinction, being brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Monterey, where he was severely wounded, and captain for gallantry at Mil Flores, where in a hand-to-hand encounter with Mexican lancers, he was wounded by a lance, which passed entirely through his body. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in Starch, 1848, was acting aide-de-camp to General Scott from 1847 to 1854, and in 1855 resigned from the army. At the beginning of the Civil war he reentered the national service, volunteering as a private in the 7th regiment, New York state militia, served for a time on the staff of General Benjamin F. Butler, and afterwards acted as military secretary to General Scott until the latter's retirement, being instrumental in preventing the murder of certain Confederate prisoners of war captured on the battle field of Bull Run. He was subsequently assistant chief of staff to General H. W. Halleck, with the rank of colonel, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on November 12, 1861, and ordered to command the Department of St. Louis. He served with Grant's army operating in western Kentucky and Tennessee, suggested to General Pope the cutting of a canal to turn the enemy's position at Island No. 10, and commanded a division in the assault on that island and New Madrid, for which he was promoted major-general of volunteers on September 17, 1862. He commanded the reserve at the battle of Farmington. On February 27, 1863, he was compelled to resign on account of feeble health. After the war General Hamilton made a number of attempts to be reinstated on the army list as lieutenant-colonel and colonel U. S. A., but was unsuccessful, and his friends have always maintained that in neglecting to restore him to rank the government was guilty of gross injustice to a brave and faithful officer. He was hydrographic engineer for the department of docks, New York city, 1871-75. General Hamilton died March 18, 1903.

Hamlin, Cyrus, brigadier-general, was born in Hampden, Maine, April 26. 1839, was educated at Hampden academy and at Colby university, but left Colby before graduating and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1860, and practising in York county, Maine He was appointed captain and aide-de-camp to General Fremont in 1862 and attracted that officer's favorable notice by his conduct at Cross Keys. He was among the earliest officers in the army to advocate enlisting the negro, was appointed colonel of the 80th U. S. colored infantry. February 12, 1863, serving in the Department of the Gulf, and on December 3, 1864, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded Port Hudson, 1864-65, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for distinguished service during the war. He remained at New Orleans after the war, practising law and taking an active part in the movements of the reconstruction period, and died there, August 28, 1867, of disease contracted while in the army.

Hammond, William A., brigadier-general, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, August 28, 1828. He was graduated M. D. at the University of the City of New York in 1848 and entered the U. S. army in 1849 as assistant Page 115 surgeon with the rank of ist lieutenant. After eleven years spent on the frontier he resigned in October, 1860, to become professor of anatomy and physiology in the University of Maryland, but reentered the army, May, 1861, as assistant surgeon, and organized United States hospitals at Hagerstown, Frederick and Baltimore. Upon the reorganization of the medical department he was appointed surgeon-general of the U. S. army with the rank of brigadier-general U. S. A. in April, 1862, through the urgent request of General McClellan and the United States sanitary commission. He instituted radical changes in the management of his office, established the army medical museum by special order, and increased the efficiency of the field, camp and permanent hospital service many fold, making it fully competent to handle an army of 1,000,000 men. On account of charges preferred against him of irregularity in the award of liquor contracts, he was tried by court-martial and dismissed from the army in August, 1864, but in 1879, upon a review of the court-martial proceedings made by the president, he was restored to his place on the army rolls as surgeon-general and brigadier-general and placed on the retired list. Upon leaving the army Dr. Hammond practiced medicine in New York city, attaining prominence as an authority on nervous diseases, on which he delivered many lectures before medical students. He was the author of a number of technical works, mainly on diseases of the nervous system, and of several novels. He died in Washington, D. C, January 5, 1900.

Hancock, Winfield Scott, major-general, was born at Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania, February 14, 1824, and was sent in early boyhood to Norristown academy. There he first began to display his military tastes by continually marching and countermarching with his playmates, among whom he organized a military company, of which he was chosen captain. In his fifteenth year the boy received a marked expression of public esteem, in being appointed to read in public at Norristown the Declaration of Independence. In 1840, at the age of sixteen, he entered the West Point military academy, as a member of a class that graduated twenty-five, among whom were Generals U. S. Grant, George B. McClellan, William B. Franklin, William F. Smith, Joseph J. Reynolds, Rosecrans, Lyon, and others of the Federal army; and Longstreet, Pickett, E. K. Smith, and "Stonewall" Jackson of the Confederate army. Hancock was graduated on June 30, 1844, and was brevetted second lieutenant of the 6th infantry, July 1. He was afterward sent to join his company in the Indian country, near the Red river, on the border of Texas, and in this rough but exhilarating duty he remained until 1846, when he was commissioned second lieutenant in a company stationed on the frontier of Mexico, where he remained until the outbreak of the Mexican war. His first active service in that conflict was at the National bridge, on the way from Vera Cruz to Puebla, where he was in command of a storming party, and captured the bridge and a strong barricade. He was brevetted first lieutenant "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco in the war with Mexico." Between 1848 and 1855 he served as regimental quartermaster and adjutant on the upper Missouri, being ordered to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, in 1849. In 1855 Lieutenant Hancock was appointed quartermaster with the rank of captain, and ordered to Florida, where the Seminole war was going on. and where, under General Harney, he performed difficult and arduous service. Next occurred the disorders in Kansas, and he was ordered to Fort Leavenworth, and after the Kansas troubles were over he accompanied General Harney's expedition to Utah. Following the Utah outbreak, he was ordered to join his regiment, the 6th infantry, at Fort Bridger, and made the trip with sixteen soldiers, a distance of 709 miles, in twenty-seven days with a train of wagons. He was next ordered to Benicia, California, and the entire journey which he made Page 116 from Fort Leavenworth to that station, 2,10o miles, was performed by Captain Hancock on horseback. Later he was stationed at Los Angeles, California, where he was when the Civil war broke out, with a depot of military stores under his control, which he succeeded in holding until the arrival of reinforcements. He was then ordered to the east, reaching New York September 4, 1861, when he reported at Washington for service. He was at once commissioned brigadier-general and placed in charge of a brigade, consisting of the 5th Wisconsin, the 6th Maine, the 49th Pennsylvania, and the 4th New York infantry. In the spring of 1862 the division of which his brigade was a part was assigned to the 4th army corps and had its first serious conflict with the enemy at Lee's mill on April 16. He saw sharp fighting at Williamsburg and Frazier's farm and in the Maryland campaign. At the battles of South mountain and Antietam he commanded the 1st division of the 2nd army corps, which fought brilliantly during the second day of the battle of Antietam. In the battle of Fredericksburg he again commanded the same division in the magnificent attempt to storm Marye's heights, December 13, 1862, when he led his men through such a fire as has rarely been encountered in warfare. The following spring Hancock's division fought at Chancellorsville, and on June 25 he was ordered by the president to assume command of the 2nd army corps. In the fight of July 3, at Gettysburg, he commanded the left center, the main point assailed by the Confederates, and was shot from his horse, being dangerously wounded, but remained on the field until he saw that the enemy's attack had been repulsed by his corps. For his services in this campaign General Hancock received, on April 21, 1866, a resolution of thanks passed by Congress. His wound kept him from active duty until March, 1864, when he resumed command in the spring campaign of that year, and fought in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, also at the second battle of Cold Harbor and in the assault on the lines in front of Petersburg. On August 12, 1864, he was appointed brigadier-general in the regular army "for gallant and distinguished services in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and in the operations of the army in Virginia under Lieutenant-General Grant." In the movement against the South side railroad in October of that year General Hancock took a leading part. On November 26 he was called to Washington to organize a veteran corps of 50,000 men, and continued in the discharge of that duty until February 26, 1865, when he was assigned to the command of the military division and ordered to Winchester, Virginia After the assassination of President Lincoln, General Hancock's headquarters were transferred to Washington, and he was placed in command of the defence of the capital. On July 26, 1866, he was appointed major-general of the regular army, and on the 10th of the following month assigned to the command of the Department of the Missouri. Here he fought the Indians until relieved by General Sheridan, when he was placed in command of the fifth military district, comprising Texas and Louisiana. In 1868 he was given command of the division of the Atlantic, with headquarters in New York city. The following year he was sent to the Department of Dakota, but in 1872 was again assigned to the division of the Atlantic, in which command he remained until the time of his death. In 1868 and in 1872 General Hancock was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, and in 1880 was nominated by the Democratic convention at Cincinnati. The election in November, however, gave the opposing candidate, James A. Garfield, a_ majority in the electoral college. More than any other officer on either side, perhaps, he was the embodiment of chivalry and devotion to the highest duties of the soldier. General Grant, best qualified to judge, said of him: "Hancock stands the most conspicuous figure of all the general officers who did not exercise a general command. He commanded a corps Page 117 longer than any other one, and his name was never mentioned as having committed in battle a blunder for which he was responsible. He was a man of very conspicuous personal appearance, tall, well-formed, and, at the time of which I now write, young and fresh looking; he presented an appearance that would attract the attention of an army as he passed. His genial disposition made him friends, and his presence with his command in the thickest of the fight won him the confidence of troops who served under him." He died at Governor's island, New York harbor, February 9. 1886.

Hardie, James A., brigadier-general, was born in New York city, May 5, 1823, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1843. From 1844-46 he held an assistant professorship at West Point, and was then on frontier duty until 1861, serving in the Mexican war as commander of a New York regiment with the rank of major, and being promoted captain in the regular army in 1857. Being transferred to the 5th artillery in 1861, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp, he served on General McClellan's staff during the Peninsular and Maryland campaigns, and on the staff of General Burnside in the battles around Fredericksburg. He was made judge advocate-general on General Hooker's staff when that general succeeded Burnside, and for his services and conduct was made brigadier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and assistant adjutant-general with the rank of major in 1863. He was assigned to special duty in the war department and was assistant secretary to Secretary of War Stanton, and afterwards to acting Secretaries Grant, Schofield and Rawlins. He was promoted inspector-general with the rank of colonel in 1864, and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet ranks of brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A. in recognition of distinguished and faithful services. In 1866 General Hardie was senior member of the commission to inspect ordnance and ordnance stores in forts and arsenals, and commissioner to audit the military claims of Kansas, Montana, Dakota, California and Oregon. He died in Washington, D. C., May 5, 1876.

Hardin, Martin D., brigadier-general, was born in Jacksonville, Illinois, June 26, 1837, was graduated at West Point in 1859 and served until the outbreak of the Civil war at Fortress Monroe and in Washington territory. He then served in the defences of Washington and with McClellan at Yorktown, and, after some time on sick leave, fought in the Seven Day's battles. He became lieutenant-colonel in July and colonel in September, 1862, of the 12th Pennsylvania reserve regiment, and led his regiment with distinction at Mine run and Gettysburg. He lost his arm in an engagement with guerrillas near the close of the year 1863, but returned to active service the following spring and commanded a brigade, being wounded at North Anna and distinguishing himself at Bethesda Church. He was then put in command of the defences of Washington north of the Potomac river and promoted brigadier-general, and in July, 1864, rendered important service by holding Early in check until the arrival of the 6th corps. He was assigned to command the district of North Carolina, August 15, 1865, was commissioned major of the 43d veteran reserve in July, 1866, and in 1870 was retired from active duty with the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army, having been advanced by brevet to this grade, through the intervening ranks for gallantry on numerous occasions. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in Chicago.

Harding, Abner C, brigadier-general, was born in East Hampton, Middlesex county, Connecticut, February 10, 1807, He attended the Hamilton, New York, academy, was subsequently admitted to the bar and practised for some time in Oneida county, New York, moving then to Warren county, Ill., where he was actively engaged in the practice of his profession for fifteen years. Page 118 He was a member of the Illinois constitutional convention in 1848, served in the legislature, 1848-50, and for the ten years prior to the Civil war was engaged in railway enterprises. Enlisting in the 83d Illinois infantry as a private in 1862, he rose to the rank of colonel, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers for bravery at Fort Donelson, and in 1863 had command at Murfreesboro, Tennessee He was then a representative in the 39th and 40th Congresses, 1865-69, and after that devoted his attention principally to the promotion of railway enterprises in Illinois. He endowed a professorship in Monmouth college and gave generously to other educational institutions. General Harding died in Monmouth, Illinois, July 19, 1874.

Harker, Charles G., brigadier-general, was born in Swedesboro, New Jersey, December 2, 1837, and was graduated at West Point in 1858. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 15th infantry, May 14, 1861, and captain, October 24; became lieutenant-colonel of the 65th Ohio volunteers, and on November 11, 1861, colonel. He served with his regiment at Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862, took part in the siege of Corinth, and at Stone's river, December 31, 1862-January 3, 1863, where he commanded a brigade, he so distinguished himself that he was recommended by his superior officers for promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers. He did not receive his promotion, however, until he had still further distinguished himself at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, when he was given his commission, to date from September 20, 1863. He commanded a brigade under General Howard in the Georgia campaign, and at Rocky Face ridge in May, 1864, held the peak against determined efforts on the part of the Confederates to dislodge him. He was mortally wounded at Kennesaw mountain, Georgia, June 27, 1864, while leading his brigade in a gallant charge, and died on the field of battle the same day.

Harland, Edward, brigadier-general, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, June 24, 1832. He was graduated at Yale in 1853 and admitted to the bar in Norwich two years later. At the beginning of the Civil war he organized a company, of which he was chosen captain, and which became, in April, 1861, a part of the 3d Connecticut infantry. In September of that year he became colonel of the 8th Connecticut infantry and served with his regiment until March, 1863, when he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He resigned this commission in June, 1865. During the war General Harland served with distinction in many of the most important battles. After seeing service with Burnside in the North Carolina expedition, he fought at South mountain and Antietam, commanding a brigade in these battles and succeeding to command of a division at Antietam, after General Rodman fell. He served also at the battle of Fredericksburg and the siege of Suffolk, the battles of Port Walthall Junction and Fort Darling, and in numerous other engagement3. After the war General Harland served two terms in the state house of representatives and one in the state senate, and was judge of probate from 1862-76. Later he became president of the savings bank at Norwich.

Harney, William S., brigadier-general, was born near Haysboro, Tennessee, August 27, 1800. He was commissioned 2nd lieutenant, 19th U. S. infantry, February 13, 1818, and in the interval between the time of his entering the service and the Civil war he was continuously in the service of the United States, receiving frequent promotions, culminating in promotion to brigadier-general June 14, 1858. He engaged in the Black Hawk war, the Seminole war, the Mexican war, and in numerous engagements against Indians, commanded the Department of the Oregon, 1858-60, until his recall on account of border difficulties with England, and was then assigned to command the Department of the West, with headquarters in St. Louis. In April, 1861, while on his way to Page 119 Washington, he was arrested by the Virginia troops at Harper's Ferry, but was soon afterward released, and, on returning to St. Louis, he agreed with General Price in command of the Missouri militia to make no military movement within the borders of the state so long as peace was maintained by the existing state government. He was relieved of his command May 29, 1861, was placed on the retired list August 1, 1863, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general U. S. A. for long and faithful services. General Harney died in Orlando, Florida, May 9, 1889.

Harris, Thomas M., brigadier-general, was born in Wood county, Virginia, June 17, 1817. He studied medicine and practised at Harrisville and Glenville, Virginia, until the Civil war, and on March 17, 1862, became lieutenant-colonel of the 10th W. Virginia infantry, becoming colonel of his regiment on May 20. He served throughout the war, being promoted brigadier-general March 29, 1865. He sent out the detachment that silenced the last Confederate guns at Appomattox, and was mustered out of the service April 30, 1866. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, October 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Middletown, Virginia, and major-general of volunteers April 2, 1865, for gallant conduct in the assault on Petersburg, Virginia After the war General Harris served one term in the West Virginia legislature, was adjutant-general of the state in 1869-70, and pension agent at Wheeling in 1871-77. He is the author of medical essays and a tract entitled "Galvanism Vindicated."

Harrow, William, brigadier-general, was born in Kentucky about 1820, but moved later to Indiana and entered the national service as major of the 14th Indiana infantry, June 7, 1861. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, February 14, 1862, colonel, April 26, 1862, and brigadier-general of volunteers November 29. While colonel of the 14th Indiana he participated in the battle of Antietam, where more than half of his regiment were killed or wounded. General Harrow resigned his commission, April 20, 1865, and retired to private life. He died September 27, 1872.

Hartranft, John F., brigadier-general, was born in New Hanover, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, December 16, 1830. He was educated at Marshall and Union colleges, graduating at Union in 1853, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised in Norristown, Pennsylvania In April, 1861, he recruited the 4th Pennsylvania volunteers, was elected its colonel, and subsequently commanded it until its term of enlistment expired, the day before the battle of Bull Run. As his regiment had been ordered to Harrisburg, he volunteered and obtained leave to serve on the staff of General William B. Franklin in that battle. He then organized the 51st Pennsylvania regiment, was commissioned its colonel, July 27, 1861, and accompanied it in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina in the following spring, when he led the attack on Roanoke island and participated in the battle of New Berne. Following this he served in the Army of the Potomac in the battles of second Bull Run and Chantilly, was in the 9th corps at the battle of South mountain, led the charge at the stone bridge at Antietam and commanded his regiment at Fredericksburg, and then, being ordered to Tennessee, was engaged in the battle of Campbell's station and in the successful defence of Knoxville. At Vicksburg he commanded a brigade engaged in protecting the besieging troops from an attack in the rear, and, after the fall of that place, he accompanied Sherman in his advance to Jackson, Mississippi He commanded a brigade in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, received his commission as brigadier-general May 12, 1864, took part in all the movements before Petersburg, was subsequently given command of a division, and on March 25, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for conspicuous gallantry in the recapture of Fort Stedman. General Hartranft then returned to Pennsylvania, was elected auditor-general of the state, and declined a commission Page 120 offered him by the president as colonel in the regular establishment, August 29, 1866. He was reelected auditor-general in 1868, and was from 1873 to 1879 governor of Pennsylvania. During his term of office the militia of Pennsylvania was entirely reorganized on a military basis, and from 1879 to 1889 he was in command of the national guard as major-general of militia. General Hartranft was postmaster of Philadelphia under appointment by President Hayes 1879-80, and in August, 1880, became collector of the port of Philadelphia. He died in Norristown, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1889, and after his death an equestrian statue was erected to his memory in front of the capitol building, Harrisburg.

Hartsuff, George L., major-general, was born in Tyre, New York, May 28, 1830, and was graduated at West Point in 1852. He served in Texas and in the Florida war, where he was wounded, and was instructor in artillery and infantry tactics at the military academy from 1856-61, when he became captain and assistant adjutant-general. He served at Fort Pickens from April until July 17, 1862; was then under General Rosecrans in West Virginia, becoming brigadier-general of volunteers, April 15, 1862, and soon after commander of Abercrombie's brigade, being promoted major in the regular army July 17, 1862. He commanded his brigade at Cedar mountain, and at Antietam, where he was severely wounded; was appointed major-general of volunteers November 29, 1862; served as member of a board to revise the rules and articles of war in 1863; and on April 27 of that year was ordered to Kentucky, where he commanded the 23d army corps and opposed the advance of Morgan in Ohio. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general U. S. A. June 1, 1864; was in command of works in the siege of Petersburg in March and April, 1865, and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet ranks of brigadier and major-general U. S. A. for faithful and meritorious services in the war. He was after the war adjutant-general of the 5th military district, 1867-68, and of the division of Missouri, 1869-71, and on June 29, 1871, was retired for disability from wounds received in battle. General Hartsuff died in New York city, May 16, 1874.

Hascall, Milo S., brigadier-general, was born in the state of New York, and during childhood removed with his parents to Indiana, from which state he was appointed to the United States military academy at West Point. He entered that institution of learning in 1848 and graduated with the class of 1852, being brevetted on July 1 of that year second lieutenant and assigned to the 3d artillery. He was commissioned second lieutenant in the 2nd artillery on March 31, 1833, serving in garrison at Fort Adams, Rhode Island, in 1832-3, and he resigned from the service on September 30, 1853. The following year he became a railroad contractor in Indiana, and from 1855 to 1861 followed the practice of law in Goshen. He served as district attorney of Elkhart and La Grange counties, Indiana, 1856-58; was school examiner for Elkhart county, 1859-61, and during the same years also served as clerk of the county, circuit, and common pleas courts. In the Civil war he served as aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain, to General Thomas A. Morris, from April 27 to June 12, 1861. Upon the latter date he was commissioned colonel and organized the 17th Indiana volunteers, with which he served in the western Virginia campaign from August to November, having previously been engaged in the action of Philippi on June 3. He commanded a brigade in the Army of the Cumberland in the Tennessee campaign from October, 1862, to March, 1863, having been commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, April 25, 1862, and he was engaged in the battle of Stone's river, in which action he commanded a division. He was engaged in collecting stragglers from the army, throughout the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, from March to June, 1863, was then in command of the district of Page 121 Indiana until August; in command of a division in the Army of the Ohio, in operations in East Tennessee, August, 1863, to March, 1864, being engaged in the defense of Knoxville, and numerous skirmishes; was in command of the 2nd division of the 23d corps, Army of the Ohio, in the invasion of Georgia, May 28 to October 27, 1864, being engaged in numerous actions and skirmishes on the advance to Atlanta, siege of Atlanta, and occupation of Decatur and vicinity. He resigned his commission on October 27, 1864, and returned to his home in Goshen, Indiana, where, in 1865, he initiated a successful career as a banker.

Haskin, Joseph A., brigadier-general, was born in New York in 1817. He was graduated at West Point in 1839, being assigned to the 1st artillery, was in Maine on duty incident to the border dispute, 1840-45; in Florida and Louisiana in 1845-46, and in the Mexican war served under General Scott from Vera Cruz to the capture of the City of Mexico, losing an arm at the storming of Chapultepec. He was subsequently on frontier and garrison duty, becoming captain in 1851, and was in command of the arsenal at Baton Rouge in 1861, when he was attacked by a vastly superior force of Confederates and compelled to surrender the buildings and arms. He subsequently served in Washington, at Key West, in command of the Northern defenses of Washington, 1862-64, and then as chief of artillery in the war department until 1866. He was promoted major in 1862, and in the same year lieutenant-colonel of staff; was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 1st artillery in 1866, and on March 13, 1865, was raised by brevet to the ranks of colonel and brigadier-general U. S. A. He was retired from active service in 1872, and died in Oswego, New York, August 3, 1874. Hatch, Edward, brigadier-general, was born in Bangor, Maine, December 22, 1832, and was educated at the Norwich, Vermont, military academy. In April, 1861, he was a member of the District of Columbia volunteers who were enlisted to defend the national capital, and then, being ordered to take charge of a camp of instruction at Davenport, Iowa, he became successively captain, major, and on December 11, 1861, lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd Iowa cavalry. He led his regiment at New Madrid, Island No. 10, Corinth, the raid on Booneville and the battle of Iuka, and was promoted colonel of volunteers, June 13, 1862. He commanded the 2nd Iowa cavalry in Grant's western campaign, conducting a raid through Mississippi in April, 1863, for the purpose of distracting the attention of the Confederates from Grant's movement at Vicksburg, and then, being given a division of cavalry, 3,500 strong, he conducted a series of raids in Alabama until disabled by wounds, December, 1863. He was promoted brigadier-general April 27, 1864, and, as commander of a cavalry division under General A. J. Smith, took part in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, being promoted brevet brigadier-general U. S. A. for his action at Franklin, and brevet major-general U. S. A. for his services at Nashville. His services at Nashville subsequently won him further promotion to the brevet rank of major-general in the regular army. General Hatch was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service January 15, 1866, and on July 6 following he became colonel of the 9th U. S. cavalry, which regiment he commanded for twenty-three years. His service after the war was in the west. He died April 11, 1889, at Fort Robinson. Nebraska

Hatch, John P., brigadier-general, was born in Oswego, New York, January 9, 1822. He was graduated at West Point in 1845, being assigned to the 3d U. S. infantry, but was later transferred to the Page 122 mounted rifles and served in the military occupation of Texas and the Mexican war, being brevetted ist lieutenant for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and captain for services at Chapultepec. After the close of the Mexican war he was engaged on frontier duty and in expeditions against Indians until 1861, when he was acting chief of commissariat in the Department of New Mexico, having been promoted captain October 13, 1860. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers September 28, 1861, commanded a cavalry brigade at Annapolis, Maryland, and distinguished himself by several daring reconnoissances about Gordonsville, the Rapidan and the Rappahannock, afterwards commanding the cavalry of the 5th army corps at Winchester, Groveton and Manassas, where he was wounded and made brevet major for "gallant and meritorious services." At South mountain. September 14, 1862, he was so severely injured as to be disabled until the following February, and for his gallantry there he was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and awarded a medal of honor. Upon returning to duty he was employed on courts-martial, assigned to command the draft rendezvous at Philadelphia, and was given charge of the cavalry depot at St. Louis until October 27, 1863, when he was made major of the 4th cavalry. He was assigned to the Department of the South, commanded in the battles of John's island and Honey Hill, South Carolina, and afterwards commanded the coast division under Sherman and operated with him in his march through South Carolina, covering the right flank of his army until the evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates. From February 26 to August 26, 1865, he commanded the Charleston district, Department of South Carolina; was on duty in the west, 1865-81, was then promoted colonel of the 2nd U. S. cavalry and commanded his regiment until retired by operation of law January 9, 1886. He was brevetted for his services in the war. on March 13, 1865, colonel and brigadier-general U. S. A., and major-general of volunteers. General Hatch died April 12, 1901.

Haupt, Herman, brigadier-general, was born in Pennsylvania, and was a cadet at the United States military academy from July 1, 1831, to July 1, 1835, when he was graduated and promoted in the army to brevet second lieutenant, 3d infantry. He resigned on September 30, 1835. and served as assistant engineer on the Norristown railroad during the following year. He was principal assistant engineer in the service of the state of Pennsylvania, 1836-39, professor of civil engineering and architecture in Pennsylvania college at Gettysburg. 1840, and of mathematics, 1844-47. He then served as principal assistant engineer of the Pennsylvania railroad, 184749. and as general superintendent, 1849-52. He was chief engineer of the Southern railroad of Mississippi in 1852, of the Pennsylvania railroad, 1852-54, being elected director by the city council of Philadelphia, in 1855, and he was chief engineer of the Hoosac tunnel in Massachusetts, 1856-62. He was also a member and secretary of the board of visitors to the U. S. military academy in 1861. In the Civil war he served as colonel of staff and additional aide-de-camp from April 27 to September 5, 1862, as chief of construction and transportation on the U. S. military railroads, directing the repairs and construction of roads for facilitating the movements of the Federal armies in Virginia, and on September 5, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers for meritorious services in operations against the enemy during the campaign of the Army of Virginia, but declined to accept the appointment, and devoted his attention to civil pursuits. He was general manager of the Piedmont Page 123 Air Line railroad, from Richmond, Virginia, to Atlanta, Georgia, 1872-76; chief engineer of the Pennsylvania Transportation company, and Seaboard Pipe Line, for carrying petroleum from Parkers City to Baltimore, 1876-78; consulting engineer, 1878-81; general manager of the Northern Pacific railroad. 1881-85, and president of the Dakota & Great Southern railway, 1885-86.

Hawkins, John P., brigadier-general, was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, September 29, 1830. He was graduated at West Point in 1852 and assigned to the infantry, was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1857, and in 1861 was brigade quartermaster in the defenses of Washington. He accepted a commission as staff captain and commissary of subsistence, August 20, 1861; served in southwest Missouri and west Tennessee, 1861-62; was chief commissary under Grant at the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862; and on November 1, 1862, he joined the volunteer army as lieutenant-colonel in the commissary department, in which capacity he served until April 13, 1863. when he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a brigade of colored troops in northeastern Louisiana from August 17 of that year until February 7, 1864, was then promoted to command a division, being stationed at Vicksburg from March, 1864, till February, 1865, and after that served in the Mobile campaign, winning the brevet of major-general in the regular establishment for gallantry at the siege of Mobile. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, June 30, 1865, and honorably mustered out of the volunteer service February 1, 1866. In the regular service he was brevetted, on March 13, 1865, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, for his services during the war. He was promoted major in the commissary department in 1874, lieutenant-colonel and assistant commissary-general in 1889, colonel and assistant commissary-general in 1892, brigadier-general and commissary-general of subsistence December 22, 1892, and was retired by operation of law September 29, 1894.

Hawley, Joseph R., brigadier-general, was born in Stewartsville, North Carolina, October 31, 1826. His parents removed to Connecticut while he was very young. He was graduated at Hamilton college with the degree of A. B. in 1847, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850, immediately entered political life as a Free Soil Democrat, and on February 4. 1856, called the first meeting in Connecticut for the organization of the Republican party, which meeting was held in his law office. In that same year he spent three months canvassing the state for Fremont and Dayton, and in 1857 he gave up law for journalism and edited the Hartford "Evening Press," having previously edited the "Charter Oak," which was merged with the "Press." At the outbreak of the Civil war he helped recruit the first company in the 1st Conn, volunteers, was commissioned its 1st lieutenant, and commanded the company at the battle of Bull Run. After the first three months' service he helped recruit the 7th Conn, volunteers, of which he became lieutenant-colonel, and went south with his regiment with the Port Royal expedition, the regiment engaging in the four months' siege of Fort Pulaski and garrisoning the place after its surrender. Having succeeded Colonel Alfred H. Terry to the command of the regiment, Colonel Hawley led it in the battles of James island and Pocotaligo, and in the Florida expedition, and subsequently commanded the port of Fernandina, January. 1863, and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Charleston. He commanded a brigade on Morris island in the siege of Charleston and at the capture of Fort Wagner, and in February, 1864, commanded his brigade in the division of General Truman Seymour Page 124 in the bloody and disastrous battle of Olustee. In April, 1864, he went to Virginia as commander of a brigade in Terry's division and participated in the battles of Drewry's bluff, Deep run, Darbytown road, and various affairs near Bermuda Hundred and Deep bottom, and subsequently commanded a division in the battle of New Market road and took part in the siege of Petersburg. Having been made brigadier-general in September, 1864, he commanded a picked brigade sent to New York in November to keep peace during election, and in January, 1865, when General Terry was sent to lead the operations against Fort Fisher, General Hawley succeeded him to the command of the division, and on General Terry's return became his chief of staff. He was military governor of the district of southeastern North Carolina from February to June, 1865, was chief of staff to General Terry in command of the department of Virginia, with headquarters at Richmond, until October, 1865, when he returned to Connecticut, was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and on January 15, 1866, was honorably discharged from the service. General Hawley was elected governor of Connecticut in 1866, was defeated for re-election the following year, was president of the Republican national convention in 1868, secretary of the committee on resolutions in 1872, and chairman of the committee on resolutions in 1876. He was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy and served 1872-75, was then defeated for the two succeeding Congresses, but held his seat again 1879-81. He was elected United States senator in 1881 by the unanimous vote of his party, and was re-elected three times, holding that office at the time of his death in 1905. He was president of the U. S. centennial commission, 1873-77. In 1884 General Hawley was candidate for the Republican nomination for president of the United States.

Haynie, Isham N., brigadier-general, was born in Dover, Tennessee, November 18, 1824. He removed to Illinois when a boy, studied law there and was admitted to the bar in 1846, and served throughout the Mexican war as 1st lieutenant of the 6th Illinois volunteers, resuming the practice of his profession in 1849. He was a member of the legislature in 1850, was graduated at the Kentucky law school in 1852. was appointed judge of the court of common pleas at Cairo, Illinois, in 1856, and in i860 canvassed the state as a Douglas elector. In 1861 he raised and organized the 48th Illinois infantry, of which he was commissioned colonel, November 10, 1861, and which he commanded in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where he was severely wounded, and Corinth. He was an unsuccessful war candidate for Congress in 1862, and on November 29 of that year was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, his commission expiring March 4, 1863. He resumed the practice of his profession in 1864 and subsequently became adjutant-general of Illinois. General Haynie died in Springfield, Illinois, May 22, 1868.

Hayes, Joseph, brigadier-general, was born in South Berwick, Maine. September 14, 1835, was educated at Harvard college and became a civil and mining engineer. He was commissioned major of the 18th Massachusetts regiment, July 26, 1861; lieutenant-colonel, August 25, 1862, colonel November 30, 1862, and brigadier-general, May 12, 1864. He was taken prisoner and held for six months by the Confederates in Libby prison, Richmond. Virginia, and upon rejoining the army, April 2, 1865. he commanded the advance brigade, Army of the Potomac, at the Appomattox surrender, April 9, 1865. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers. March 13, 1865. for gallantry in action on the Weldon railroad, Virginia, and was mustered out of Page 125 the service, August 24, 1865, at his own request, having declined an appointment offered him as field officer in the regular army. He then went to South America, where he introduced the hydraulic system in the mines of Columbia, and on his return engaged in business in New York as a broker and as president of a coal company.

Hayes, Rutherford B., brigadier-general, was born in Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822. He prepared for college at an academy at Norwalk, Ohio, and at Isaac Webb's preparatory school in Middletown, Connecticut, and was graduated at Kenyon college, in 1842. valedictorian of his class, receiving his A.M. degree in 1875. He was graduated at Harvard LL.B. in 1845, practised law in Lower Sandusky, and in 1849 removed to Cincinnati, where he was city solicitor, 1858-61. At a mass-meeting held at Cincinnati upon receiving the news that Fort Sumter had been fired upon, he was made chairman of a committee on resolutions to give vent to the feelings of the people, and upon the president's call for volunteers he organized a company from the literary club of Cincinnati, and was elected its captain. On June 7, 1861, he was appointed by Governor Dennison major of the 23d Ohio volunteers, and in July he accompanied the regiment to the seat of war in West Virginia. He was judge-advocate of the Department of Ohio, September-October, 1861; was promoted lieutenant-colonel October 24. receiving promotion to colonel-a year later. Colonel Hayes saw active service in the field in 1861-62, distinguishing himself first in the battle of South mountain, September 14, 1862, when, although severely wounded in the arm, he led a gallant charge and held his position at the head of his men until carried from the field. Upon recovering he took command of his regiment in the field, and in the operations against Morgan at the time of the latter's raid into Ohio, commanded two regiments and a section of artillery, and aided in preventing the escape of the Confederate general across the river, thus compelling Morgan to surrender. He commanded a brigade in General Crook's expedition to cut the principal lines of communication between Richmond and the southwest, in the spring of 1864, and distinguished himself at Cloyd's mountain, May 9. 1864, by storming at the head of his brigade a strongly fortified Confederate position. He was conspicuous also in the first battle of Winchester and in the battle of Berryville, and in the second battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864, showed great and unusual gallantry in leading an assault upon a battery across a morass over 50 yards wide. His horse becoming mired in the morass, Colonel Hayes dismounted, waded across on foot, under fire of the enemy, and then, finding himself alone in front of the battery, signalled to his men to follow. When but about 40 had crossed, the little band charged the battery and, after a hard hand-to-hand fight, drove away the gunners. He again distinguished himself at Fisher's hill, routing the enemy by a skillful flank movement, and his action on the battle field at Cedar creek, October 19, 1864, secured his commission as brigadier-general at the request of General Crook. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13. 1865, for "gallant and distinguished services in the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and especially at the battles of Fisher's hill and Cedar creek, Virginia" General Hayes was elected representative of the 2nd district of Ohio in the 39th Congress, took his seat December 4, 1865, was re-elected to the 40th Congress, and was then for two terms governor of Ohio. He was nominated for Congress in 1872, declined at first, but, afterward accepting, was defeated by Page 126 1,500 votes. In 1873 he declined to permit the use of his name for United States senator, and announced his intention of retiring to private life. He was, however, called upon in 1875, much against his will, to take the Republican nomination for governor, and was elected by over 5,000 votes, and as an advocate of sound currency and opposed to an unlimited issue of paper money, he became a prominent figure in national politics. When the Republican national convention met in Cincinnati, June 14, 1876, his name was presented as a candidate for president, as were those of James G. Blaine, Oliver P. Morton, Benjamin F. Bristow, Roscoe Conkling and John F. Hartranft, and on the seventh ballot, owing to opposition to Mr. Blaine, General Hayes was nominated. Samuel J. Tilden of New York was nominated by the Democrats, and the election was unusually close, Hayes being, however, finally declared president after a long and bitter dispute. During his administration he favored a sound currency policy and advocated extension of the civil service system. After his term of office had expired he assisted in the inauguration of James A. Garfield as president, and then retired to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he devoted much of his time to benevolent enterprises. He died in Fremont, Ohio, January 13, 1893.

Hays, Alexander, brigadier-general, was born in Franklin, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1819, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1844. He served in the Mexican war as 2nd lieutenant in the 8th infantry, distinguishing himself in the battle near Atlixco, then resigned his commission, in 1848, and was an iron manufacturer in Venango county, Pennsylvania, 1848-50, assistant engineer on railroads in 1850-54, and after that until the outbreak of the Civil war a civil engineer in Pittsburg. When the war began he re-entered the national service as colonel of the 63d Pennsylvania regiment and was given the rank of captain in the regular army to date from May 14, 1861. He served in the Peninsula with the 1st brigade of Kearny's division of Heintzelman's corps, and his service at Williamsburg and in the Seven Days' battles won him promotion to the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel U. S. A. He was wounded at second Bull Run, August 30, 1862, and his services there and in this campaign won him promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers, September 29, 1862. He was wounded at Chancellorsville, while at the head of his brigade, and at Gettysburg he commanded the 3d division of Hancock's corps, aided in holding Cemetery ridge, and in the latter part of the battle, when Hancock was wounded, had temporary command of the 2nd corps. Upon the reorganization of the army General Hays was placed in command of the 2nd brigade of Birney's 3d division of the 2nd army corps. He led his brigade in the battle of the Wilderness, and at the junction of the Germanna plank road with the Brock road, during the terrible struggle which was the feature of the first day's fighting, he was killed, May 5, 1864. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallantry.

Hays, William, brigadier-general, was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1819. He was graduated at West Point in 1840, served throughout the Mexican war as 1st lieutenant of artillery, being wounded at Molino del Rey and brevetted captain and major. He was promoted captain in 1853, served in the Seminole war, 1853-54, was then on frontier duty, and in the Civil war commanded a brigade of flying artillery, 1861-62. He was present at Antietam, and at Fredericksburg, where he commanded the right division of the artillery reserve, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, November Page 127 29, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, in May. 1863, where he commanded the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 2nd army corps, he was wounded and taken prisoner. On his recovery he was exchanged and promoted major in the regular service, and, rejoining the army at Gettysburg, was appointed provost-marshal of the southern district of New York. His commission expiring in February, 1865, he rejoined his regiment at Petersburg and served with the 2nd corps, being in command of the reserve artillery until the close of the war. He was brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A. on March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war, and was mustered out of the volunteer service January 15, 1866. He subsequently served at various posts, and was in command of Fort Independence, Boston harbor, 1873-75. He died in Boston, Massachusetts, February 7, 1875.

Hazen, William B., major-general, was born in West Hartford, Vermont, September 27, 1830. In 1833 his parents removed to Huron, Ohio. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1855, was on duty in California and Oregon until 1857, and was then on the Texas frontier, where he distinguished himself in numerous engagements with Indians, and was severely wounded. He served for a time as assistant professor of infantry tactics at West Point, was promoted 1st lieutenant, April 6, 1861, and captain, May 14, 1861. In the autumn of 1861 he organized the 41st Ohio volunteers, of which he became colonel, October 29, and commanded in the defenses of the Ohio frontier and in Kentucky. He was given command of a brigade, January 6, 1862, was engaged at Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the battle of Perryville, and his conduct was such as to win him promotion on November 29, 1862, to the rank of brigadier-general. His brigade, by a well executed movement at Brown's ferry, enabled the army at Chattanooga to receive supplies, and at Missionary ridge he captured 18 pieces of field artillery. He commanded the 2nd division of the 15th army corps in the Atlanta campaign and in Sherman's march to the sea, and for his action in attacking and capturing Fort McAllister, December 13, 1864, he was promoted major-general of volunteers the same day. He was present at Johnston's surrender, and was given command of the 15th army corps, May 19, 1865, commanding it until it was disbanded, August 1 of that year. He was brevetted in the regular army lieutenant-colonel and colonel, September 1, 1864, brigadier and major-general March 13, 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, promoted colonel of the 38th infantry, and was transferred to the 6th infantry in 1869. He was in Paris, France, during the Franco Prussian war, was U. S. military attaché at Vienna during the Russo-Turkish war, and in the interval between these European visits was stationed at Fort Buford, where he made revelations of the practices of post traders which resulted in implicating Secretary of War Belknap. He succeeded General Meyer as chief signal officer in 1880, with the rank of brigadier-general, and during his service in this capacity introduced the cold wave signal and inaugurated many reforms which greatly increased the efficiency of the service. For his conduct in regard to the Arctic exploring expedition of Lieutenant Greely, and for severely censuring Secretary Lincoln for not sending out a relief expedition, General Hazen was tried by court-martial and reprimanded. He died in Washington, D. C., January 16, 1887.

Heckman, Charles A., brigadier-general, was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, December 3, 1822, and was graduated at Minerva seminary in his Page 128 native town in 1837. He served in the Mexican war as sergeant in the 1st U. S. voltigeurs, and at the beginning of the Civil war, on April 20. 1861, was commissioned captain in the 1st Pennsylvania regiment. He became major of the 9th New Jersey volunteers, October 3, 1861, lieutenant-colonel December 3, colonel February 10, 1862, and on November 29, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina and afterward in the army of the James, was wounded at New Berne and again at Young's cross-roads, North Carolina, and at Port Walthall, Virginia, and commanded the defenses of Norfolk and Portsmouth in the winter of 1863-64. He was captured at Drewry's bluff, Virginia, May 16, 1864. after his brigade had five times repelled a superior force of Confederates, and was taken first to Libby prison and afterward to Macon, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, where he was one of the fifty-one officers that were placed under fire of the national guns. Being exchanged on August 25, he commanded the 18th army corps at the capture of Fort Harrison or Chaffin's farm, and was in command of the 25th corps in January and February, 1865. Resigning at the close of the war, May 25, 1865, he retired to civil life and became member of the board of education in Phillipsburg, New Jersey General Heckman died January 14, 1896.

Heintzelman, Samuel P., major-general, was born in Manheim, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1805. He was graduated at West Point in 1826, served as lieutenant of infantry in the west and in Florida until 1847 when he was promoted captain, and also served in the Mexican war, being brevetted major for gallantry at Huamantla. He was then in California until 1855, engaged against Indians and in establishing Fort Yuma, operated against Mexican marauders on the Rio Grande, 1859-60, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in May, 1861, for meritorious services against Indians in California, and was ordered to Washington. In the same month he was commissioned colonel of the 17th U. S. infantry and made brigadier-general of volunteers and inspector-general of troops at Washington. He commanded the forces that captured Alexandria, Virginia. May 24, 1861, and distinguished himself at Bull Run, where he commanded the 3d division of McDowell's army, being wounded in that engagement. He commanded the 3d corps in the Army of the Potomac in March, 1862, before Yorktown, at Malvern hill, Beaver Dam, Oak Grove, Savage Station, and Frazer's farm, and also in the Peninsular campaign. He won promotion to major-general of volunteers for his action in the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, and at Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, Virginia, he distinguished himself in both the first and second days' fighting, for which he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. He led the 3d corps in the seven days' fighting about Richmond, subsequently joined Pope in his Virginia campaign, and at the second battle of Bull Run his corps formed the right wing of Pope's army. He was in command of the defenses of Washington during the Maryland campaign, and later he was appointed to the command of the department of Washington and the 23d corps, which appointment he held during the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was relieved of his command in October, 1863, and from January to October, 1864, he commanded the northern department, including the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, serving after that on court-martial duty. He was brevetted major-general U. S. A. March 13, 1865, was mustered out of the volunteer service in August of that year, and in September resumed command of his regiment, being stationed first in New York harbor and subsequently in Texas. He was retired with the rank of colonel, February 22, 1869, and on April 29, 1869, was by special act of Congress placed on the retired list with the full rank of major-general to date from his retirement. He died in Washington, D. C, May 1, 1880.

Herron, Francis J., major-general, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, February 17, 1837, was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania and moved west, becoming a merchant in Dubuque, Iowa, where he organized and became captain of the "Governor's Greys" in 1861. He entered the volunteer service in April, 1861, as captain in the 1st Iowa regiment, and commanded his company at Dug springs, Ozark and Wilson's creek, and in September, 1861, was made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th Iowa regiment, which he_ commanded in the campaign of General S. R. Curtis in 1862, in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian territory. For gallantry at Pea ridge, where he was wounded and taken prisoner, he was promoted brigadier-general, July 16, 1862, and he commanded the army of the frontier in its forced march of 114 miles in three days to relieve General James G. Blunt at Prairie Grove, fighting in the battle of December 7 and winning by this action promotion to major-general of volunteers. Subsequently General Herron captured Van Buren, Arkansas, was in command of the left wing' of the investing forces at Vicksburg and of the combined forces of army and navy that invested and captured Yazoo City, and was with Captain John G. Walker on board the U. S. gunboat "De Kalb" when that vessel was blown up by a torpedo. He was then in command of the 13th army corps on the Texas coast, where, with headquarters at Brownsville, he prevented the smuggling of cotton into Mexico across the Rio Grande, and as confidential agent of the state department aided President Juarez in preventing French troops establishing posts on the frontier. Being transferred to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in March, 1865, as commander of the northern division of the state, he cooperated with General Canby in his operations against Mobile, and subsequently against General Richard Taylor, and in May, 1865, he negotiated and received the formal surrender of the Trans-Mississippi army including all the forces west of the Mississippi river. He was appointed in July, 1865, a commissioner to negotiate treaties with the Indian tribes, which commission, as well as that of major-general of volunteers, he resigned in August. He then practised law in New Orleans, was United States marshal of the district of Louisiana from 1867-69, secretary of state of Louisiana in 1872-73, and then took up his residence in New York, where he practised his profession and became a prominent member of the G. A. R. and the Loyal Legion. General Herron died January 8, 1902.

Hicks, Thomas H., brigadier-general, was born in Dorchester county, Maryland, in 1789, frequently served in the legislature of that state; was governor from 1858 to 1862; was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on July 22, 1862, but declined; and was elected a senator in Congress upon the death of James A. Pearce, taking his seat during the third session of the 37th Congress, and was re-elected for the term ending in 1867, serving on the Committee upon Naval Affairs, and that on Claims. His firmness and adroit management were among the most efficient means of saving Maryland to the Union, when the secession mania began to sweep over the South. He refused to call a special meeting of the legislature to consider an ordinance of secession, and by this most judicious act saved his state from the headlong measures that in the Page 130 heat of the moment would probably have been taken. This gave time for second thought and the Union element rallied. When the attack on the 6th Massachusetts infantry was made in Baltimore, Governor Hicks issued a proclamation declaring that all his authority would be exercised in favor of the government. Before the legislature assembled Baltimore was strongly garrisoned and the state saved. In his public career he ever proved himself strong and steadfast against political pressure. He died suddenly of paralysis at Washington on February 13, 1865.

Hinks, Edward W., brigadier-general, was born in Bucksport, Maine, May 30, 1830. He was educated in the schools of his native village, moved to Bangor in 1845, was printer on the Bangor "Whig and Courier" until 1849, when he moved to Boston, and in 1855 he was a member of the Massachusetts legislature. He was among the first to volunteer his services to help defend Fort Moultrie, became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Massachusetts regiment in April, and while on the march to Washington commanded a party that assisted in saving the frigate ''Constitution" at Annapolis. He was for this service commissioned 2nd lieutenant in the regular service, April 26, 1861, and he was subsequently promoted colonel of the 19th Massachusetts volunteers, May 16, 1861, commanding a brigade in Sedgwick's division of the Army of the Potomac, September, 1861, to September, 1862, and taking part in all the engagements from Ball's bluff to Antietam, when he was disabled from wounds and forced to retire from active service. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. November 29, 1862, was on court-martial duty, 1863-64, commanded the camp of prisoners of war at Camp Lookout, Maryland, in March and April. 1864, and then joined the Army of the James, commanding a division of colored troops in the field operations of that year, and distinguishing himself in the preliminary engagements and the assault at Petersburg. He commanded the draft rendezvous on Hart's island, New York, from October, 1864, to January, 1865, and was then until the close of the war chief mustering officer for the United States in New York city. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, was made lieutenant-colonel of the 40th U. S. infantry, July 28. 1866, commanded the National soldiers' home, and was afterwards deputy-governor of the soldiers' homes at Hampton, Virginia, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin General Hinks died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 14, 1894.

Hitchcock, Ethan A., major-general, was born in Vergennes, Vermont, May 18, 1798. He was graduated at West Point in 1817 and saw continuous service in the United States army until 1855. when he resigned on account of personal differences with Jefferson Davis, then secretary of war. He served during this period on frontier duty, as instructor and later commandant at West Point, in the Seminole war and in the Mexican war, where he won the brevets of colonel and brigadier-general for gallantry. At the beginning of the Civil war he re-entered the army, was made major-general of volunteers and stationed at Washington, where he served on the commission for the exchange of prisoners and on that for the revision of the military code. He was a warm personal friend and the military adviser of President Lincoln. After the war he served on the Pacific coast, but resigned in 1867 on account of ill health and died in Sparta, Georgia, August 5, 1870.

Hobson, Edward H., brigadier-general, was born in Greensburg, Kentucky, July 11, 1825. He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant in the 2nd Kentucky volunteers, distinguishing himself at Buena Vista, and Page 131 at the outbreak of the Civil war recruited the 13th Kentucky volunteers, drilling them at Camp Hobson and receiving his commission as colonel January 1, 1862. He joined Buell's army in February, 1862, and distinguished himself at Shiloh, where he was wounded. He was made a brigadier-general, but did not receive his commission until he had still further distinguished himself at the siege of Corinth and at Perryville, where he commanded a brigade. The condition of his troops after this latter battle relieved the regiment from active service, and he was ordered to Munfordville, Kentucky, where he had charge of the drilling of 10,000 recruits. Then, as commander of the Southern district of Kentucky, he was chief commander of the force engaged in the pursuit of Morgan, whom he followed through Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. He was made commander of Burnside's cavalry corps but was prevented by ill health from serving, and established himself at Lexington, Kentucky, where he engaged in repelling raids. He was mustered out of the army in August, 1865, and having been a banker before the war, resumed this business, became interested also in railroads and was elected president of the southern division of the Cumberland & Ohio railway. He was delegate to and vice-president of the Republican national convention in 1880, supporting President Grant for the third nomination. General Hobson died September 14, 1901.

Holt, Joseph, brigadier-general, was born in Breckenridge county, Kentucky, January 6, 1807, was educated at St. Joseph's college, Bardstown and at Centre college, Danville, and in 1828 began to practice law in Elizabethtown, Kentucky He was then for many years an attorney of national reputation. He supported the candidacy of Franklin Pierce for the presidency in 1852, that of James Buchanan in 1856, and that of Stephen A. Douglas in 1860. He was Commissioner of Patents in Washington, 1857-59, Postmaster-General 1859-60, and Secretary of War, 1860-61. He supported the administration when Lincoln succeeded to the presidency, actively co-operated with General Scott in providing against hostile demonstrations at the inauguration, and in a report which was afterwards published described the plot which had been formed to seize the capital. In the latter part of 1861 he was one of a commission appointed to investigate the military claims against the Department of the West, and on September 3, 1862, he was appointed by President Lincoln judge advocate-general with the rank of colonel. On the establishment of the bureau of military justice in 1864 he was put at its head with the same title but with the rank of brigadier-general, and on March 13, 1865, he was brevetted major-general for "faithful, meritorious and distinguished services in the bureau of military justice during the war." He conducted the trial of Fitz-John Porter, who was charged with disobedience of orders, and also of the trials of the accomplices in the assassination of President Lincoln. He was retired at his own request in 1875, being over sixty-two years old, and he died in Washington, D. C, August 1, 1894.

Hooker, Joseph, major-general, was born at Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1815, graduated in the military academy at West Point in 1837, and served in the Mexican war, rising to the rank of captain of artillery, and the brevet of lieutenant-colonel in the staff. From 1859 to 1861 he was a colonel in the California militia. When the Civil war broke out in 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and put in command of the defenses of Washington, August 12, 1861; but his commission was dated back to May 17. When General McClellan moved to the Peninsula General Hooker's brigade was added Page 132 to the command, and for gallant service at Williamsburg he was promoted to be major-general of volunteers, May 5, 1862. During General Pope's operations before Washington General Hooker was very active, and at Antietam, September 17, was wounded, and was soon after promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of the regular army. At the disastrous repulse of Burnside at Fredericksburg in December, he commanded the center of the army. In January, 1863, he was appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac, and on May 2-4 fought and lost the battle of Chancellorsville. He resigned his command on June 28, and remained in Baltimore waiting orders till September 24, when he was put in command of the 20th army corps and sent to Chattanooga, Tennessee He distinguished himself at Lookout valley, Lookout mountain, Missionary ridge, and Ringgold, October 27 to November 27; was actively engaged in the march to Atlanta; again relieved of command, July 30, 1864; in command successively of the Northern, Eastern, and Lake departments, and of the retiring board till September 1, 1866. He was brevetted major-general of the United States army in March, 1865, and in consequence of disability put upon the retired list, with the full rank of major-general, in 1868. He died at Garden City, L. I., October 31, 1879.

Hovey, Alvin P., brigadier-general, was born in Posey county, Indiana, September 6, 1821. He was educated in the Mount Vernon common schools, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1843, practising subsequently with great success. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1850, judge of the third judicial circuit, 1851-54, judge of the state supreme court, 1854-56; president of the state Democratic convention, in 1855, U. S. district attorney for Indiana, 1855-58, and in 1858 an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. He entered the service of the United States in 1861 as colonel of the 24th Indiana volunteers and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862. He commanded the eastern district of Arkansas in 1863 and the district of Indiana in 1864-65. General Grant accredited him in his official report with the honor of the key-battle of the Vicksburg campaign, that of Champion's hill. General Hovey resigned October 7, 1865. and was, from 1865-70, by appointment of President Lincoln, U. S. minister to Peru. He was a Republican representative in the 50th Congress, 1887-89; governor of Indiana, 1889-91, and Republican candidate for the United States senate in January, 1891. He died in Indianapolis, Indiana, November 23, 1891.

Hovey, Charles E., brigadier-general, was born in Thetford, Vermont, April 26, 1827. He was educated at Dartmouth college, where he was graduated in 1852; was principal of the high school in Farmingham, Massachusetts, 1852-54; of the boys' high school, Peoria, Illinois, 185456; superintendent of public schools of Peoria, 1856-57; president of the state teachers' association, 1856; organizer and first president of the Illinois state normal university, 1857-61.. He entered the national service in August, 1861, as colonel of the 33d Illinois regiment, which was composed principally of young men from the state colleges, and on September 5, 1862, he was promoted brigadier-general. He was forced by ill health to resign from the army in the spring of 1863, and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers "for gallant and meritorious conduct in battle, particularly at Arkansas Post, January 11, 1863." After the war General Hovey practised law in Washington. He died in Washington, D. C, November 17, 1897.

Howard, Oliver O., major-general, was born at Leeds, Kennebec Page 133 county, Maine, November 8, 1830. Having finished preparation at Monmouth and Yarmouth, at the age of sixteen he entered Bowdoin college, in which he was graduated in 1850, with a fair standing. An opportunity was then afforded him to enter the United States military academy, and he became a cadet in that institution, graduating in 1854. He stood fourth in his class, and by his own request was assigned to the ordnance department with the brevet rank of second lieutenant. His first service was at Watervliet, New York, and Kennebec arsenal, Maine, and he next served in Florida, being chief ordnance officer during General Harney's campaign against the Indians. The following year he was promoted first lieutenant, and was assigned to duty as acting professor of mathematics at West Point, which position he continued to hold until the breaking out of the Civil war. In 1861 Lieutenant Howard volunteered his services to the governor of his native state, and was finally, by a regimental election, made colonel of the 3d regiment, Maine volunteers. His commission bore the date of May 28, and by June 1 he was on his way to the national capital with a full regiment. Colonel Howard commanded the 3d brigade of the 3d division during the battle of Bull Run, July 21, and for his conduct during this campaign was created brigadier-general of volunteers on September 3. He bore a prominent part in the movement toward the Rappahannock in the spring of 1862, and was then transferred to the Peninsula, where he participated in the advance against Richmond. He was twice wounded in the right arm at the battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, while leading his brigade in a charge against the enemy, and he lost that arm by amputation. In two months and twenty days after Fair Oaks General Howard returned to his corps, and was in the Pope campaign in Virginia, participating in the second battle of Bull Run, and during the retreat from Centerville to Washington, he commanded the rear guard of the army, which was under fire almost continuously. In the Maryland campaign he commanded a brigade until Antietam, where General Sedgwick was wounded, when he took charge of that general's division, which he also commanded at Fredericksburg. In November he was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers, and in the following spring he succeeded General Sigel as commander of the 11th army corps, which he led during the sanguinary battles at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In October, 1863, General Howard's corps was engaged in the fighting in Lookout valley, and he received General Thomas' commendation in further orders the following month, when he fought under Grant in the battle of Chattanooga, gaining distinction. During Sherman's Atlanta campaign in the spring of 1864, General Howard was in command of the new 4th corps, which formed a part of the army of the Cumberland, seeing severest service for 100 days. When General McPherson fell before Atlanta, General Howard succeeded him as commander of the Army and Department of the Tennessee, and throughout the whole of the grand march through Georgia his corps formed the right of Sherman's army. For his part in this campaign he was appointed brigadier-general in the regular army. He commanded the same wing during the movement through the Carolinas, and assisted in the operations by virtue of which Johnston's army was forced to surrender in 1865. For this portion of the campaign General Howard was brevetted major-general of the regular army. On May 12, 1865, he was assigned to duty in the war department in the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands, in which position he remained until July, Page 134 1874, when he was assigned to the command of the Department of the Columbia. In 1877 he commanded a successful expedition against the Nez Perces Indians, his infantry marching over 1,400 miles, and the following year another, nearly as extended, against the Bannocks and Piutes. In 1881-82 General Howard was superintendent of the United States military academy, and from 1882-86 he commanded the Department of the Platte at Omaha, Nebraska In 1886 he was commissioned major-general and placed in command of the division of the Pacific; and after the death of General Sheridan, and the assignment of Major-General Schofield to command the U. S. army, General Howard was appointed to the command of the division of the Atlantic, with headquarters at Governor's island in the harbor of New York. He was placed upon the retired list, November 8, 1894

Howe, Albion P., brigadier-general, was born in Standish, Maine, March 13, 1818. He was graduated at West Point in 1841 and entered the 4th artillery, was teacher of mathematics at the military academy from 1843 to 1846, and then served in the Mexican war, winning the brevet of captain for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. He became captain in 1855 and subsequently received promotions to the rank of brigadier-general U. S. A., which he received in 1882, the year in which he was retired. He was chief of artillery in McClellan's army in western Virginia in 1861 and commanded a brigade of light artillery in the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsular campaign of 1862. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, June 11, 1862, commanding at first a brigade in Couch's division, 4th army corps, and took part in the battles of Malvern hill, Manassas, South mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg, and from 186466 commanded the artillery depot, Washington, D. C. He was given the brevet ranks of brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865, having previously been awarded the intervening brevets and on July 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers. After the war he served in the bureau of refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands, and subsequently in command of various posts until retired. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 25, 1897.

Howell, Joshua B., brigadier-general, was a native of Somerset county, Pennsylvania He was commissioned colonel of the 85th Pennsylvania regiment, November 12, 1861, and joined McClellan on the Peninsula. He participated with his regiment in the operations which drove the enemy in upon their capital, engaged in the battle of Fair Oaks, where the regiment lost heavily in killed and wounded, and, after the evacuation of the Peninsula, made a short excursion into the interior of North Carolina, being transferred then to the Department of the South, where Colonel Howell was given command of a brigade, which he continued to command during most of the remainder of his service. He was employed in the operations for the reduction of Charleston, taking part in the siege of Fort Wagner, and in April, 1864, was ordered with his command to Virginia. Here, on May 20, he distinguished himself by leading his brigade in a daring charge on the enemy's works, and subsequently he participated in the vigorous operations of the 10th corps on the north side of the James, leading his brigade until early in September, when he was given command of a division of colored troops. On the 12th of the month he received injuries from a fall of his horse which proved fatal, and he was given his commission as brigadier-general of volunteers to date from that day. He died September 14, 1864.

Humphreys, Andrew A., major-general, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 2, 1810, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1831. From the time of his graduation until the outbreak of the Civil war, with the exception of two years, 1836-38, when he was employed by the U. S. government as a civil engineer, he was constantly on duty, most of the time in the engineer department, engaging in topographical and hydrographical surveys of the delta of the Mississippi river, and on other important engineering works, and on August 6, 1861, was promoted major, corps of topographical engineers. He was chief topographical engineer under General G. B. McClellan at Washington, December, 1861, to March, 1862, and in the Army of the Potomac, being engaged in the defenses of Washington, the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg, and the movements and operations before Richmond. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862, and in September of that year assumed command of a division of new troops in the 5th corps of the Army of the Potomac, which division he led in the Maryland campaign. He engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, at the latter commanding the extreme left of the army; was then transferred to the command of the 2nd division of the 3d corps, which he commanded at Gettysburg under General Daniel E. Sickles, and he was promoted major-general of volunteers, July 8, 1863. From that time until November, 1864, he served as chief-of-staff to General Meade, and was then given command of the 2nd corps, which he commanded in the siege of Petersburg, the actions of Hatcher's run, and the subsequent operations ending in the surrender of Lee's army. Having previously been promoted lieutenant-colonel of engineers and brevetted colonel, U. S. A., for gallantry at Fredericksburg, General Humphreys was awarded, on March 13, 1865, the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Gettysburg, and that of major-general, U. S. A., for similar service at Sailor's creek. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, September 1, 1866, having served after the march to Washington following Lee's surrender, in command of the District of Pennsylvania and subsequently in charge of the Mississippi levees. He was made brigadier-general and chief of engineers, August 8, 1866, the highest scientific appointment in the United States army, with charge of the engineer bureau in Washington. This office he held until June 30, 1879, when he was retired at his own request, serving during this period on lighthouse and other important boards. During his military career he served in seventy engagements, covering Indian warfare and the Civil war. He was a member of various scientific societies and author of several works on scientific and historical subjects. General Humphreys died in Washington, D. C, December 27, 1883.

Hunt, Henry J., brigadier-general, was born in Detroit, Michigan, September 14, 1819. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1839, served in the Canada border disturbances of that year, and afterwards until the Mexican war was stationed at forts and on recruiting duty, being promoted 1st lieutenant in 1846. He was brevetted captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and major for services at Chapultepec, was engaged also at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Molino del Rey, where he was twice wounded, and in the assault and capture of the City of Mexico. He was promoted captain in 1852, was placed in command of Harper's Ferry, January 3, 1861, was promoted major, May Page 136 14, 1861, and in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, commanded the artillery on the extreme left. After being in charge of the defenses of Washington, July to September, 1861, he was placed on the staff of General McClellan, September 28, with the rank of colonel, and he organized the artillery reserve of the Army of the Potomac, which he commanded at Gaines' mill. July 27, 1861, and rendered conspicuous service in covering the retreat of McClellan's army to Malvern hill, at the battle of that place, July 1, 1862. distinguishing himself and having two horses shot under him. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in September, 1862, and as chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac was present at Fredericksburg, where he commanded the artillery, posting 147 guns on Stafford heights, November 21, 1862, and he also commanded the artillery in the Chancellorsville campaign. For his services at Gettysburg, where he was chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, he was brevetted colonel U. S. A., and he was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers, July 6, 1864. "for faithful and highly meritorious services" in the campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg. For services in the campaign ending with Lee's surrender he was. brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A., and for services in the war, major-general U. S. A., the last two brevets dating from March 13, 1865. He was made colonel of the 5th U. S. artillery, April 4, 1869; was retired from active service, September 14, 1883, and commanded the Soldiers' Home, Washington, until 1889. General Hunt died in Washington, D. C, February 11, 1889.

Hunt, Lewis C, brigadier-general, was born in Fort Howard, Green Bay. Wisconsin, February 23, 1824, and was graduated at the U. S. military academy at West Point in 1847. He was assigned to the infantry, served on the Pacific coast and commanded the U. S. detachment in the joint occupation of San Juan island in 1859, having been promoted captain m 1855. He was ordered to Washington on the outbreak of the Civil war, took part in the Peninsular campaign of 1862, was made colonel of the 92nd New York volunteers. May 21, 1862, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks. He received promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and served during the winter of 1862-63 in North Carolina, receiving the brevet of colonel for gallantry at Kinston. He was made major of the 14th infantry, June 8, 1863, was in charge of the draft rendezvous at New Haven, Connecticut, 1863-64, was then on special duty in Missouri and Kansas, and after that commanded the defenses of New York harbor, 1864-66. He was brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A. for his services in the war, March 13, 1865. and afterwards served in command of various posts, becoming lieutenant-colonel in 1868 and colonel of the 14th infantry, May 19, 1881. He died at Fort Union, New Mexico, September 6, 1886.

Hunter, David, major-general, was born in Washington. D. C, July 21, 1802, was graduated at West Point in 1822, and after becoming captain in the 1st dragoons in 1833, resigned his commission in 1836 to go into business in Chicago. He rejoined the army as paymaster with the rank of major in 1842 and was chief paymaster of General John E. Wool's command in the Mexican war, serving after that at New Orleans and at other posts, including those on the frontier. He was assigned, in February, 1861, to accompany President-elect Lincoln from his home in Springfield, Illinois, to Washington, but at Buffalo his collar-bone was dislocated by the pressure of the crowd that gathered to see Lincoln, and he did not arrive at Washington until May 14. He was then Page 137 appointed colonel of the 6th U. S. cavalry, and three days later was given a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded the main column of McDowell's army in the Manassas campaign, was severely wounded at Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and on August 1, 1861, was made major-general of volunteers, serving under General Fremont in Missouri, and on November 2 succeeding him in the command of the western department. He commanded the Department of Kansas from November, 1861, until March, 1862, and by his prompt reinforcement of Grant at Fort Donelson, at the solicitation of General Halleck, made possible the victory of February 16, 1862. In March, 1862, General Hunter was transferred to the Department of the South, with headquarters at Port Royal, South Carolina, and his first effective movement was the capture of Fort Pulaski, April 11, 1862. Finding there a large number of able-bodied, idle negroes, willing to enlist in the United States service, General Hunter on April 12 issued an order declaring that slavery and martial law were incompatible, further declaring free all slaves in Fort Pulaski and on Cockburn island, Georgia, and on May 9, he extended the declaration to slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina. On May 19, President Lincoln issued a proclamation which declared General Hunter's order entirely void and given without authority. On June 16, 1862. an expedition against Charleston by way of James island resulted in the disastrous battle of Secessionville— an attack which, according to General Hunter's report, was made contrary to his orders. General Hunter organized the 1st South Carolina volunteers, a regiment composed of refugee slaves which was the first of the kind to be mustered into the U. S. volunteer service. In September he was ordered to Washington and was made president of a court of inquiry to investigate the causes for the surrender of Harper's Ferry and other matters, and he subsequently served as president of the court-martial instituted by General Pope to try General Fitz-John Porter for disobedience to orders. He was placed in command of the Department of West Virginia in May, 1864, defeated a Confederate force at Piedmont on June 5, moved on Lynchburg on the 8th by way of Lexington, where he burned the place, and on the 16th of June invested Lynchburg, falling back then by way of the Kanawha river, thus bringing his army to the Ohio river and leaving the valley for several weeks open to the mercy of Early. General Hunter was then on leave of absence until February 1, 1865, after which he served on courts-martial, being president of the commission that tried the persons who were charged with conspiring for the assassination of President Lincoln. He was brevetted major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865, and was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866. He was retired the following July and died in Washington, D. C, February 2, 1886.

Hurlbut, Stephen A., major-general, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, November 29, 1815. He studied law and practised in Charleston until 1845, serving as adjutant in a South Carolina regiment during the Seminole war in Florida, and then moved to Illinois, and practised law in Belvidere. He was a member of the Illinois constitutional convention of 1847, a Taylor and Fillmore elector in 1848 and a member of the legislature, 1859-61. He entered the Federal army at the beginning of the Civil war, being appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, May 17, 1861, was stationed at various posts in Missouri, 1861-62, and after the evacuation of Fort Donelson by the Confederates, in February, 1862, was made commander of the fort. When Grant's army moved up the Tennessee river Page 138 he commanded the 4th division, and arriving at Pittsburg landing a week in advance of reinforcements, he held the place alone. He took part in the battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862, was promoted for his services major-general of volunteers, September 17, 1862, and after the battle of Corinth pursued the retreating Confederates and engaged them in battle at Hatchie bridge, October 6. He was engaged in the Vicksburg campaign from November, 1862, and after the reorganization of the forces under General Grant, December 18, 1862, was commander of the 18th army corps. He commanded Memphis in September. 1863, led a corps under Sherman in the expedition to Meridian in February. 1864, and in May, 1864, succeeded General Banks as commander of the Department of the Gulf, continuing in command until mustered out of the service at the close of the war. General Hurlbut was a pioneer mover in the formation of the order of the Grand Army of the Republic and was its first commander-in-chief. 1866-68. He was a representative in the state legislature in 1867, Republican elector-at-large from Illinois in 1868, and from 1868-73 was U. S. minister to Columbia, S. A., under appointment by President Grant. He then served in Congress until 1877, and was in 1881 appointed by President Garfield minister to Peru. He died in Lima, Peru, March 27, 1882.

Ingalls, Rufus, brigadier-general, was born in Denmark, Maine, August 23, 1818. He was graduated at West Point in 1843, joined the riflemen but was transferred to the 1st dragoons in 1845, and during the Mexican war fought in the battles of Embudo and Taos. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847 and assistant quartermaster with the rank of captain in 1848, and then served in California and Oregon until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he was ordered east and sent with a detachment to reinforce Fort Pickens, Pensacola harbor. He joined the Army of the Potomac in July. 1861, and in September of that year was assigned to the staff of General McClellan with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed major in the quartermaster's department, January 12, 1862, and was then chief quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac until 1865. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, May 23, 1863, and colonel and assistant quartermaster-general July 29, 1866. He was present at the battles of South mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and the subsequent battles till the surrender of Lee, and at the surrender of the latter at Appomattox. He was brevetted, on March 13. 1865, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army, and major-general of volunteers, for faithful and meritorious services. After the war he was on duty in Washington, D. C, as chief quartermaster in New York, and subsequently at Chicago and Washington, and on February 23, 1882, was promoted brigadier-general and quartermaster-general of the army. He was retired at his own request. July 1, 1883, and died in New York city, January 15, 1893.

Jackson, Conrad F., brigadier-general, was born in Pennsylvania, September 11, 1813. He was an employee of the Philadelphia & Reading railroad from its beginning until 1861, when he resigned to become colonel of the gth Pennsylvania reserves. He commanded the regiment in the protection of the national capital and at the battle of Dranesville, Virginia, and served under General McCall in the Peninsular campaign, being attached to Seymour's brigade and succeeding to the command of the brigade when Seymour took charge of the division. In July, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers and fought at second Bull Run, South mountain and Antietam. He fell while leading a charge in command of the attacking Page 139 column, at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and died on the battlefield, December 13, 1862.

Jackson, James S., brigadier-general, was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, September 27, 1823. He was graduated at Jefferson college, Pennsylvania, studied law at Transylvania university, and began practice in 1845. The following year he assisted in organizing a regiment of volunteers for the Mexican war, and served for a time as lieutenant. While in Mexico he became involved in a quarrel with Colonel Thomas F. Marshall, which resulted in a duel, whereupon he resigned from the army to escape trial by court-martial. He resumed his law practice at Greenupsburg, and afterward at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, was elected a representative to the 37th U. S. Congress, and served in the first session from July 4. to August 6, 1861. During the recess in the autumn of 1861, he organized the 3d Ky cavalry, of which he became colonel. He participated in the battle of Shiloh, where his regiment was in Rousseau's 4th brigade of the 2nd division, and on July 16, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was assigned to the command of a division of McCook's corps of the Army of the Ohio, and with his division participated in the battles of Iuka and Corinth, and while leading his men at the battle of Perryville, October 8, 1862, received a wound from which he died almost instantly.

Jackson, Nathaniel J., brigadier-general, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, July 28, 1818. He became a machinist and at the outbreak of the Civil war was superintendent of the Hill mills at Lewiston, Maine He became colonel of the 1st Maine regiment, May 3, 1861, and on September 3, following, colonel of the 5th Maine infantry. He was wounded at the battle of Gaines' mill, June 27, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, September 24, and served as commander of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 12th army corps. He was again wounded at Chancellorsville, and when able to leave the hospital was given command of Riker's island and later of Hart island. New York harbor. When able to bear arms he was assigned to command the 1st division, 20th army corps, and took part in Sherman's march to the sea and the invasion of the Carolinas, his last engagement being at Averasboro. North Carolina March 16, 1865. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, and was mustered out of the service August 24 of that year. After the war he became interested in coal mining. He died in Jamestown, New York, April 21, 1892.

Jackson, Richard H., brigadier-general, was born in Ireland. July 14, 1830. He migrated to America in early life and, entering the United States army as a private in 1851, he served in Florida against the Seminole Indians and in Nebraska and the western territories, and in September, 1859. passed the examinations before a regimental board and the academic board at the U. S. military academy, and was appointed brevet 2nd lieutenant, 4th U. S. artillery. He then served at Fort Monroe and in Texas, being promoted first lieutenant of the 1st artillery, May 14, 1861; engaged in the defense of Fort Pickens and in the capture of Pensacola, Florida; served in the field with the 10th army corps, Department of the South; was on Folly island, South Carolina, during the operations against Fort Sumter, and then took part with the Army of the James in the final campaign terminating in the surrender of Lee. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, May 19, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers, November 24, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services, and was mustered out of the volunteer service, February 1, 1866. In Page 140 the regular army he received the brevets including that of brigadier-general. General Jackson was promoted major of the 5th artillery, July 5, 1880, and lieutenant-colonel of the 4th artillery, December 4, 1888, serving at various posts. He died November 28, 1892.

Jameson, Charles D., brigadier-general, was born in Gorham, Maine, February 24, 1827. He was educated in the public schools, became a prosperous lumberman, and in 1860 was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in Charleston, South Carolina He was a member of the state militia, and in May, 1861, was placed in command of the 2nd Maine regiment, the first that left that state for the seat of war. He led his regiment at Bull Run, and for protecting the Federal retreat to Centerville he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, September 3, 1861. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Maine in 1861 and again in 1862. General Jameson participated in the Seven Days' battles about Richmond, commanding the 1st brigade of Kearny's 3d division, Heintzelman's 3d army corps, and after the battle of Fair Oaks was stricken with camp fever and forced to return to Maine. He died in Oldtown, Maine, November 6, 1862.

Johnson, Andrew, brigadier-general, was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808. Moving to Tennessee when a young man, he became prominent in politics, was for several terms a member of the state legislature, and represented his district in Congress from 1843-1853. He was then elected governor of Tennessee, was re-elected in 1855, and in 1857 was elected to the United States senate. In the senate he strongly opposed secession and said that he was in favor of having secessionists arrested and tried for treason. Johnson held his seat in the United States senate until 1862, when he was appointed by President Lincoln military governor of Tennessee, ranking as brigadier-general of volunteers. His service in the war was in this capacity, and it was chiefly due to his courage that Nashville was held against a Confederate force. He urged the holding of Union meetings throughout the state, raised twenty-five regiments for service in the state, and levied a tax on the wealthy southern sympathizers to be used in behalf of the families of the poorer Confederate soldiers. He exercised during his term of office absolute and autocratic powers, but with moderation and discretion, and his course strengthened the Union cause in Tennessee. Upon the renomination of Mr. Lincoln for the presidency Mr. Johnson was nominated for vice-president, and when President Lincoln was assassinated Johnson was immediately sworn in as president, April 15, 1865. Johnson's course as president does not concern this volume. After the expiration of his term of office he returned to Tennessee, and in 1875 was elected U. S. senator. He died at Carter's station, Carter county, Tennessee, July 30, 1875.

Johnson, Richard W., brigadier-general, was born near Smithland, Livingston county, Kentucky. February 7, 1827, and was graduated at West Point in 1849. He was promoted 1st lieutenant of the 2nd cavalry in 1855, was promoted captain in 1856 and served on the Texas frontier until 1861. He was then assigned to the 3d Kentucky, cavalry with the rank of lieutenant-colonel; was promoted brigadier-general October 11, and, being assigned a brigade in General Buell's army, engaged at Shiloh, Tennessee, and served also in Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. He engaged in the siege of Corinth, commanded a division in the Army of the Ohio in the Tennessee campaign, in July, 1862, was taken prisoner at Gallatin, August 21, 1862. and after his exchange in December, was placed in command of the 12th division of the Army of the Cumberland. He was at Stone's river, Chickamauga, Missionary ridge, Page 141 and in the Atlanta campaign, engaging in all the battles from Chattanooga to New Hope Church, where he was severely wounded, May 28, 1864. He subsequently commanded a division of cavalry at the battle of Nashville, was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services, and at the same time major-general U. S. A. for his services in the field during the war, and he remained on the staff of General Thomas as provost-marshal and judge-advocate of the military district of the Tennessee until 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He was retired with the rank of major, October 12, 1867, and with the rank of brigadier-general March 3, 1875. General Johnson was military professor in the University of Missouri, 1868-69, and in the University of Minnesota, 1869-70. He was the unsuccessful candidate of the Democratic party for governor of Minnesota in 1881. He died in St. Paul, Minnesota, April 21, 1897.

Jones, Patrick H., brigadier-general, was born in Ireland. Migrating to America he entered the service of the United States early in the Civil war, becoming 2nd lieutenant in the 37th New York infantry, June 7, 1861. He was promoted 1st lieutenant and adjutant, November 4, and major January 21, 1862. The 37th New York distinguished itself at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks, and at the battle of Fredericksburg contributed largely in repulsing the enemy. Major Jones became colonel of the 154th New York regiment, which he had been instrumental in enlisting, on October 8, 1862, and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, December 6, 1864. His regiment fought at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Wauhatchie in the Chattanooga and Rossville campaign, the Atlanta campaign and the march to the sea, and the campaign of the Carolinas, taking part in all the principal battles. General Jones was mustered out of the service, June 17. 1865. He died July 23, 1900.

Judah, Henry M., brigadier-general, was born in Snow Hill, Maryland, June 12, 1821. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1843, entering the 8th infantry, in the Mexican war led his company in storming the city of Monterey, and won the brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain for his bravery at Molino del Rey and the capture of the City of Mexico. He was promoted captain in the 4th infantry in 1853 and served actively against Indians in California, Washington, and Oregon until the Civil war, when he became colonel of a volunteer regiment, being promoted subsequently brigadier-general of volunteers March 21, 1862. He was acting inspector-general of the Army of the Tennessee, and then, resigning his staff appointment, commanded the 1st division of the Army of the Reserve until the evacuation of Corinth by the Confederate troops, after which he was reappointed acting inspector-general of the Army of the Ohio in October, 1862, unsuccessfully opposed the advance of Morgan across the Cumberland river, and was active in the pursuit of the Confederate general, following him to near Salineville, Ohio, where Morgan surrendered, July 26, 1863. General Judah commanded the right wing of the 2nd division of Schofield's Army of the Ohio at Resaca, Georgia, May 14, 1864, losing 600 men in the struggle. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, August 24, 1865, having received, on March 13, 1865, the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel in the regular army for gallant and meritorious services in the war, and he was made commander of the post at Plattsburg, New York, where he died. January 14, 1866.


Source: The Union Army, Vol. V. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.