Union Commanders: Federal Publishing Co.
A-C: Abercrombie through Cutler
Source: The Union Army, Federal Publishing Company
Abercrombie, John J., brigadier-general, was born in Tennessee in 1802, and died in Roslyn, New York in 1877. Entering West Point from Tennessee, he was graduated in 1822, served as adjutant in the 1st infantry from 1825 to 1833 and was made captain in 1836. He served in the Florida war, and was brevetted major for gallant conduct at the battle of Okechobee. Then, until the outbreak of the Mexican war, he was engaged in frontier duty in the west. He took an active part in the Mexican war, and for gallantry at the battle of Monterey, where he was wounded, was given the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. Besides Monterey, he fought also at the siege of Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo, and, in 1847, served as aide-de-camp to General Patterson. When the Civil war broke out he was stationed in Minnesota. He took part in the Shenandoah campaign and was in command at the action of Falling Waters. Through the Peninsular campaign he served as brigadier-general of volunteers, was wounded at Fair Oaks, and took part in the battle of Malvern hill, and at several skirmishes on the retreat to Harrison's landing. He was engaged in the defense of Washington in 1862 and 1863, had charge of depots at Fredericksburg in May, 1864, and took part in the defense against Hampton's legion in June, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. A., on March 13, 1865, and retired on the 12th of the following June.
Allen, Robert, brigadier-general, was born in Ohio in 1815, and appointed from Ohio to West Point, in which school he was graduated in 1836. After service in the Seminole war as second lieutenant, he served as assistant quartermaster during the Mexican war, on the march to Monterey. He was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and the taking of Mexico. For gallant conduct at the battle of Cerro Gordo he received the brevet rank of major. After the Mexican war he was chief quartermaster of the Pacific division, and, at the outbreak of the Civil war was made chief quartermaster of the Department of Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis, where he had charge of supplies and transportation for the various armies of the Mississippi valley. From November, 1863, to 1866, he was chief quartermaster of the Mississippi valley, with headquarters at Louisville, and furnished transportation and supplies to Sherman's command for the march across the country to join General Grant at Chattanooga. He also fitted out the Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina expeditions. He was promoted to major in 1861, colonel in 1862, brigadier-general of volunteers in 1863, and was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army in 1864. On March 13, 1865, Page 18 he received the brevet rank of major-general, U. S. A. General Allen served after the war as chief quartermaster of the Pacific, and was retired on March 21, 1878. He died in Geneva, Switzerland, August 6, 1886.
Alvord, Benjamin, brigadier-general, was born in Rutland, Vermont, August 18, 1813, and was appointed from Vermont to West Point military academy, in which he was graduated with the class of 1833. Being brevetted second lieutenant in the 4th infantry, he served in the Seminole war (1835-1837), and was then instructor in mathematics and physics at West Point until 1839. He was then engaged in frontier, garrison and engineer duty until 1846, when he participated in the military occupation of Texas, and subsequently in the Mexican war. For gallant conduct in several affairs with guerrillas at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge and Cerro Gordo, he was given the successive brevets of captain and major, and was then chief of staff to Major Lally's column on the march from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico in 1847. On June 22, 1854, he was made paymaster, and served as such until 1862, when he became brigadier-general of volunteers, having command during the war of the district of Oregon. Resigning this position, he was brevetted brigadier in the regular army in 1865, and was made paymaster-general in 1872. On July 22, 1876, he was made brigadier-general and paymaster, a position which he held until 1880, when, after over 46 years of service, he was retired at his own request. He died in 1884. General Alvord, during the later years of his life, wrote several treatises on mathematics, and numerous essays and reviews which have become popular.
Ames, Adelbert, brigadier-general, was born in Rockland, Me, October 31, 1835. He was graduated at West Point in 1861, and assigned to the 5th artillery. At the battle of Bull Run he was wounded, and was brevetted for gallantry in that action. He was present at the siege of Yorktown, and the battles of Gaines' mill, Malvern hill, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Antietam, and Gettysburg, besides many minor engagements in Virginia throughout the Civil war. Having been brevetted colonel for gallantry, he commanded a brigade and at times a division, in the Army of the Potomac in the operations before Petersburg in 1864. Gallant conduct at the capture of Fort Fisher in 1865 won for him the brevet of major-general of volunteers, and. later, he was brevetted major-general, U. S. A., for "gallant and meritorious conduct in the field during the rebellion." After the war he was promoted to the full rank of lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, and on July 15, 1868. was appointed temporary governor of Mississippi, his authority being extended later to include the 4th military district . In 1870 he was elected United States senator, a position which he resigned three years later to accept the office of governor. This office he resigned in 1876, removing to New York, and later to Lowell, Massachusetts On June 20, 1898, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, in which capacity he served throughout the war with Spain.
Ammen, Jacob, brigadier-general, was born in Botetourt county, Virginia, January 7, 1808. In 1831 he was graduated at West Point and was then, until August 31, 1832, assistant instructor on mathematics and military tactics. He then spent some time on duty in Charleston harbor during the trouble over the nullification acts of South Carolina, and, returning to West Point, resumed his work as instructor. In November, 1837, he resigned from the army to accept a professorship Page 19 in mathematics in Bacon college, Georgetown, Kentucky He continued to teach in various institutions, until 1855, and was then until 1861, a civil engineer at Ripley, O. On April 18, 1861, he became captain in the 12th Ohio volunteers, and shortly afterward was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, in which capacity he participated in the West Virginia campaign under General McClellan. On July 16, 1862, after the campaigns in Tennessee and Mississippi, he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, and had charge of camps of instruction in Ohio and Illinois until December 16, 1863. From the following April, until January 14, 1865, when he resigned, he was in command of the district of eastern Tennessee.
Anderson, Robert, brigadier-general, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, at a place called "Soldier's Retreat," June 14, 1805. In 1825 he was graduated at West Point and received a commission as second lieutenant in the 3d artillery. During the Black Hawk war, in 1832, he served as colonel of the Illinois volunteers, and after that, from 1835 to 1837, acted as instructor in artillery at West Point. He was brevetted captain for services in the Florida war, then was for a time attached to the staff of General Scott as assistant adjutant-general, and in 1841 was promoted to captain. He also served in the Mexican war, and was severely wounded in the battle of Molino del Rey. In 1857 he was appointed major of the 1st artillery, and in 1860 assumed command of the troops in Charleston harbor, with headquarters at Fort Moultrie. Owing to threatened assaults, Major Anderson withdrew his command, on the night of December 26, 1860, to Fort Sumter, where he remained until forced to evacuate, on April 14, 1861, after a bombardment of thirty-six hours, to which he replied until forced by the disabling of his guns to yield. In recognition of his services at Fort Sumter he was appointed by President Lincoln brigadier-general in the U. S. army, and was assigned to command the Department of Kentucky, being subsequently transferred to that of the Cumberland. On account of failing health he was relieved from duty in October, 1861, and was retired from active service on October 27, 1863. On February 3, 1865, he was brevetted major-general, U. S. A. In 1869 he sailed for Europe in search of health, and died there, at Nice, France, October 27, 1871. He was the translator from the French of "Instructions for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot," and "Evolutions of Field Batteries." To his personal efforts credit is due for the original steps in the organization of the Soldiers' home in Washington, which has since then sheltered many thousands of Civil war veterans.
Andrews, Christopher C, brigadier-general, was born in Hillsboro, New Hampshire. October 27, 1829. As a boy he worked on his father's farm, attending school during the winter months, and in 1843 went to Boston. He later attended Francestown academy, and studied law after that in Cambridge, being admitted to the bar in 1850. After practicing two years in Newton he moved to Boston, but removed later to Kansas, and thence to Washington to further the interests of Kansas before congress. He spent two years in Washington, being employed as a departmental clerk, then moved to St. Cloud, Minnesota, where, in 1859, he was elected state senator. He supported Douglas in the campaign of 1860, and in 1861 assisted in bringing out the "Minnesota Union," a publication supporting the administration. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted as a private, but was soon commissioned captain in the 3d Minnesota infantry. In a fight near Murfreesboro he was surrendered, Page 20 and was held prisoner from July to October, 1862. Upon being exchanged he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, in which capacity he served during the operations about Vicksburg, and in July, 1863, became colonel, serving then in the campaign which resulted in the capture of Little Rock, Arkansas, where he was placed in command of a brigade. To his efforts was due to a large extent the change in public opinion in Arkansas, which resulted, in January, 1864, in the reorganization of Arkansas as a free state. During the year 1864 he was in command of forces near Augusta, Arkansas, and then, being promoted brigadier-general, participated in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely, Alabama On March 9, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and subsequently commanded the district of Mobile, Alabama, and later that of Houston, Texas After putting affairs in Texas on a firm basis, General Andrews returned to St. Cloud, and on January 15, 1866, was mustered out of the service. After the war he continued to take a great interest in public affairs, and served as minister to Sweden and consul-general to Rio de Janeiro. General Andrews is the author of various historical and technical works of value.
Andrews, George L., brigadier-general, was born in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, August 31, 1828, and graduated in 1851 at West Point, standing the highest in his class. After graduation he superintended the construction of fortifications in Boston harbor, and then, returning to West Point, was assistant professor there in 1854 and 1855. Resigning this position in 1855, he was a civil engineer until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he became lieutenant-colonel and subsequently colonel of the 2nd Massachusetts regiment, serving in the Shenandoah valley and conducting the rear guard of the retreat at Cedar mountain. He fought through Pope's campaign and was at Antietam, and on November 10, 1862, was promoted for distinguished bravery to brigadier-general. In Banks' expedition he led a brigade, and from July, 1863, to February 13, 1865, commanded the Corps d'Afrique. On March 26, 1865, on account of distinguished services at the capture of Mobile, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. After the war, on April 8, 1867, he was appointed United States marshal for Massachusetts, and on February 27, 1871, went to West Point to accept a position as professor of the French language.
Arnold, Lewis G., brigadier-general, was born in New Jersey, in December, 1815. Graduating at West Point in 1837, he served with the 2nd artillery in the Florida war, and then, as first lieutenant in the same regiment, on the Canada frontier, at Detroit, in 1838-39. In 1846 he accompanied his regiment to Mexico, where, under General Scott, he engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, in which he was slightly wounded, in the battles of Cerro Gordo and Amozoque, the capture of San Antonio, and the battle of Churubusco. For gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco he was brevetted captain, and later, for gallantry at Chapultepec, was given the brevet of major. Again, in 1856, he distinguished himself, leading a small force, in Florida, against a large force of Seminoles at Big Cypress. When the Civil war broke out in 1861, Major Arnold was stationed at Dry Tortugas, whence he was transferred to Fort Pickens on August 2, 1861. He remained at Fort Pickens until May, 1862, being in command after February 25 of that year. In the successive bombardments of that fort, in November, January and May, he so distinguished himself by his gallantry that he was brevetted a lieutenant-colonel, to date from November 22, 1861, appointed a brigadier-Page 21general of volunteers, and assigned to the command of the Department of Florida, his headquarters being at first at Fort Pickens and later at Pensacola. On the first of October, 1862, he was given command of the forces at New Orleans and Algiers, Louisiana, a command which he held until November 10, when he suffered a stroke of paralysis from which he never recovered. In February, 1864, all hope of his being again able to take up his duties having been abandoned, he was retired. General Arnold died in South Boston, September 22, 1871.
Arnold, Richard, brigadier-general, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828 and graduated at the United States military academy at West Point in 1850. At the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861 he was made captain of an artillery company, and served with distinguished gallantry at Bull Run, Savage Station, Port Hudson and Fort Morgan. He was promoted to brigadier-general on November 29, 1862, and was made brevet major-general of volunteers in August, 1865. In 1875 he was promoted to major in the regular service and in 1882 was made lieutenant-colonel. He died in 1882.
Asboth, Alexander S., brigadier-general, was born in Keszthely, Hungary, December 18, 1811. He received his education in Oldenburg, and served some time as a cuirassier in the Austrian army. He then studied law for a time, and, after that, turning his attention to engineering, was employed in various important works in Banat. He served with Kossuth in the Hungarian war of 1848-49, followed Kossuth to Turkey, and then came with him, in 1851, to America, where he soon became a citizen. At the outbreak of the Civil war he offered his services to the government, and, in July, 1861, was sent to Missouri as chief of_ staff to General Fremont. He was appointed a brigadier-general in September of the same year and commanded the fourth division in Fremont's western campaign. After that he was assigned to command a division in General Curtis' army, and during the Arkansas campaign occupied Bentonville and Fayetteville. In the fighting at Pea ridge he was severely wounded. The year 1863 saw him in command of Columbus, Kentucky, and in August of that year he was transferred to command the district of West Florida. Shortly afterward, at the battle of Marianna, he was severely wounded, his left cheek bone being broken and his left arm fractured in two places. His services in Florida won him the brevet of major-general, March 13, 1865, and in 1866 he was sent to Argentine Republic and Uruguay, as United States minister. Two years later, January 21, 1868, he died at Buenos Ayres, death being caused by the wound in his face received four years previous.
Augur, Christopher C, major-general, was born in New York in 1821, and in 1843 was graduated at West Point to which school he had been appointed from Michigan. He served during the Mexican war, at first as aide-de-camp to General Hopping, and then, after the latter's death, in a similar capacity to General Caleb Cushing. In 1852 he was promoted to captain and served with distinction in the war against the Indians of Oregon in 1856. On May 11, 1861, he was appointed major in the 13th infantry, was then for a time commandant of cadets at West Point, and in November of that year was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, being assigned to General McDowell's corps. In July, 1862, he was assigned to a division under General Banks, and was severely wounded in the battle of Cedar mountain. On August 9, 1862, he was promoted major-general of volunteers and, joining his command in the following November, he took part in the Louisiana campaign. Meritorious Page 22 services at the siege of Port Hudson, where he commanded the left wing of the army, won for General Augur the brevet of brigadier-general in the U. S. army, March 13, 1865, and at the same time he was brevetted major-general, U. S. A., for meritorious services during the rebellion. He was commandant of the Department of Washington from October 13, 1863, to August 13, 1866, afterwards being commandant successively of the departments of the Platte, Texas, the Gulf, the South and the Missouri, and, in 1885, he was retired.
Averell, William W., brigadier-general, was born in Cameron, Steuben county, New York, November 5, 1832. Being graduated at West Point in 1855 he was assigned to the mounted riflemen and served in garrison and at the school for practice at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, until 1857, when he was ordered to frontier duty, and saw a great deal of Indian fighting. He was severely wounded in a night attack by the Navajos in 1859, and was given sick leave until the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861. Being promoted to first lieutenant of the mounted riflemen, on May 14, 1861, he fought at Bull Run and in other engagements until August 23, 1861, when he was appointed colonel of the 3d Pennsylvania cavalry, and given command of the cavalry defenses in front of Washington. In March, 1863, he began the series of cavalry raids in western Virginia that have made his name famous. His raids did much to help the Union cause, and he was rewarded by the government in frequent promotions. On March 13. 1865, he was made brevet major-general, U. S. A., and on May 18 he resigned. From 1866 to 1869 General Averell was consul-general of the United States in the British possessions of North America, and then became president of a large manufacturing concern. He invented a process for making cast steel from the ore in one operation, the American asphalt pavement and several complicated machines.
Ayres, Romeyn B., brigadier-general, was born in Montgomery county, New York, December 20, 1825, and graduated at West Point in 1847. Shortly after graduation he was sent to Mexico as second lieutenant in the 3d artillery, and remained in the garrison at Fort Preble until 1850. From that time until the outbreak of the Civil war he did frontier and garrison duty, and in May. 1861, was made captain in the 3d artillery. He was present at all the early engagements of the war about the defenses of Washington, then served as chief of artillery in W. F. Smith's division and of the 6th army corps, after which he accompanied the Army of the Potomac in the peninsular campaign of 1862, going thence into the Maryland campaign, ending in the battle of Antietam. After three months' sick leave he engaged in the winter campaign on the Rappahannock, and fought at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and in the intervening engagements. Being made brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862, he commanded a division of the 5th corps at Gettysburg, and was then ordered to New York city to suppress the draft riots. He accompanied his command in the movements against Richmond in 1864, was wounded at the siege of Petersburg in June, and took part in the final engagements which resulted in Lee's surrender at Appomattox. On April 30, 1866, he was mustered out of the service as lieutenant-colonel of the 28th infantry and brevet major-general, U. S. A., having received these and lesser appointments on account of meritorious service during the war.
Bailey, Joseph, brigadier-general, was born in Salem, O., April 28, 1827. He was killed, near Nevada, Newton county. Missouri, March Page 23 21, 1867, while, in performance of his duty as sheriff, a position to which he was elected after the war, he was attempting to take two arrested desperadoes to the county seat General Bailey entered the service of the United States as captain, July 2, 1861, was assigned with his regiment to New Orleans, and in December, 1862, was made acting engineer of the defenses of that city. He was later promoted to major, and was sent home on a recruiting expedition, returning to duty with his regiment in time to accompany General N. P. Banks on the Red river campaign. It was on this campaign that he won fame by saving the army by means of an engineering feat. When Banks, accompanied by a fleet of twelve gun-boats and thirty transports, tried to pass Alexandria on the way back, it was found that the Red river had fallen so that it was impossible for the fleet to pass the rapids. Working against the advice of the regular engineers, Bailey constructed dams on each side of the river, so that the channel was narrowed to sixty-six feet. This caused an increase in the depth of the river and enabled the fleet to escape. In recognition of this service he was promoted to brigadier-general in 1864, and on March 13, 1865, he was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers. He resigned from the army July 7, 1865.
Baird, Absalom, brigadier-general, was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, August 20, 1824, and graduated at West Point in 1849. He served in 1850-51 as second lieutenant during the Seminole war. In 1853 he was promoted to first lieutenant and served until 1859 as assistant professor of mathematics at the military academy, spending the next two years on frontier and garrison duty. In March, 1861, he took command of the light battery for the Department of Washington, and on May 11 was brevetted captain. In July, 1861, he served as adjutant-general in the defense of Washington and in the Manassas campaign, engaging later in the siege of Yorktown and the battle of Williamsburg. He commanded a brigade in the Army of the Ohio from May to September, 1862, and was engaged in the capture of Cumberland gap. From October, 1862, to June, 1863, he commanded the third division in the Army of the Kentucky, and was, for gallant action at Chickamauga, brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He also held important commands in the operations about Chattanooga, the battle of Missionary ridge, the march to the sea, the capture of Atlanta, and the march through the Carolinas, being present at the surrender of Johnston's army at Durham station. For his services in the Atlanta campaign he received the brevet rank of brigadier-general in the regular army, while distinguished services throughout the war won him that of brevet major-general, U. S. A. Since the war, General Baird has served as inspector-general of various departments.
Baker, Edward D., brigadier-general, was born in London, England, February 24, 1811, and four years later was brought to America by his father, who selected Philadelphia as his place of residence. There Edward D. grew to manhood and at the age of nineteen started for the new West and selected Springfield, Illinois, as his home. Amid struggles with poverty he studied law, and established a practice in Greene county and soon became noted as one of the leading advocates of the state. In 1837 he was sent to the legislature by the Whig party, and then to the state senate, serving from 1840 until 1844. In the latter year he was elected to Congress, but left his seat in 1846 to raise a company of Illinois volunteers for the Mexican war, becoming colonel of the 4th IlI. regiment, and he Page 24 served as one of the most brilliant officers of the army in all the actions on the route to the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo he succeeded to the command of Gen, Shields' brigade, which he led until the close of the war. He was honorably mustered out of the service on May 29, 1847, and, returning to Illinois was again elected to Congress and served from 1849 until 1851. Declining a re-election, he removed to San Francisco, where he became distinguished as the head of the bar, and as one of the most eloquent speakers in the state. In 1860 he removed to Oregon and was sent to the United States senate by the united votes of the Republicans and Douglas Democrats. When the opening blow was struck at Fort Sumter, at a great mass-meeting in New York on April 20, he made a thrilling appeal for the preservation of the Union. Raising the "California" regiment in New York and Philadelphia, he entered the war, and at the fatal battle of Ball's bluff he led the brigade with undaunted courage, and fell pierced with several wounds, October 21, 1861. He was given the commission of brigadier-general of volunteers on May 17, 1861, but declined it; was commissioned colonel on June 21, and was advanced to major-general of volunteers on September 21, 1861, but had not accepted the appointment at the time he was killed.
Baker, Lafayette C, brigadier-general, chief of the U. S. secret service, was born in Stafford, Genesee county, NEW YORK, October 13, 1826, being a grandson of Remember Baker, one of Ethan Allen's captains. Young Baker moved with his parents to Michigan in 1839, but in 1848 went to New York and Philadelphia, and in 1853 to San Francisco, working in each of the cities as a mechanic. In the riots in San Francisco, in 1856, he joined the vigilance committee and took an active part in restoring order in the city. At the outbreak of the Civil war he offered his services at Washington, and, at the suggestion of General Hiram Walbridge, General Scott sent him on foot to Richmond. The success of this mission, in which he collected much valuable information, followed by equal successes in other hardy enterprises, won for him the confidence of the government and he was made head of the bureau of secret service, with almost unlimited resources at his command. In 1862 the bureau was transferred to the war department and he was commissioned colonel, and later brigadier-general of volunteers. General Baker's duties made him enemies in influential quarters and serious charges were several times preferred against him, but they were not substantiated. At the time of Lincoln's assassination, General Baker organized the pursuit of the murderer and was present at his capture and death. General Baker published, in 1868, a "History of the United States Secret Service," which is of historical value. He died in Philadelphia, July 2, 1868.
Banks, Nathaniel P., major-general, was born in Waltham. Massachusetts, January 30, 1816, received a common school education, and then learned the trade of a machinist in a cotton factory of which his father was superintendent. He afterwards became editor of a local paper at Waltham, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1849 was elected a member of the state legislature. He was elected speaker of the Massachusetts legislature in 1851, re-elected in 1852, was chairman of the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1853, and was in the same year elected to Congress as a coalition-democrat. He was re-elected on the "Know-Knothing" ticket, elected speaker of the house of representatives, after a spirited fight, on the 133d ballot, and at the next election was chosen congressman Page 24 on the republican ticket. On December 4, 1857, he resigned to become governor of Massachusetts, was re-elected governor in 1858 and 1859, and in 1860 accepted the presidency of the Illinois Central railroad, succeeding General George B. McClellan in that capacity. When the Civil war broke out in the following year, he resigned his position, was commissioned major-general of volunteers and assigned to the command of the 5th army corps in the Army of the Potomac, seeing his first active service along the upper Potomac and in the Shenandoah valley, in 1861-62. On March 23, 1862, a part of his troops, under General Shields, defeated Jackson at Winchester, and the next month, at the head of two divisions, General Banks was assigned to guard the Shenandoah. When one of the divisions had been withdrawn, leaving only 8,000 men with Banks, the force was attacked by General Jackson and defeated, but escaped capture. General Banks then joined Pope, who had command of the army of Virginia, and on August 9, was defeated at the battle of Cedar mountain. He was then for a time in command of the defenses of Washington, and in December, 1862, commanded the expedition to New Orleans, where he succeeded General B. F. Butler as commander of the Department of the Gulf. In the spring of 1863 he commanded the expedition against Port Hudson, which finally, after several disastrous attempts to storm it had failed, surrendered on July 9, 1863, when the occupants learned that Vicksburg had fallen. Early in 1864 General Banks led the expedition up the Red River, his force strengthened by the addition of a powerful fleet, and at Sabine cross-roads met defeat at the hands of General Richard Taylor. On the next day the Confederates made an attack at Pleasant Hill, but were defeated, and the army withdrew to Alexandria. There the skill of General Joseph Bailey saved the fleet, and the whole expedition withdrew to the Mississippi. In May, 1864, General Banks was relieved of his command, resigned his commission, and, returning to Massachusetts, was elected to Congress, where he served, with the exception of one term, until 1877, being for many years chairman of the committee on foreign relations. In 1888 he was again elected to Congress, but, after 1890, suffered from a mental disorder and was forced to withdraw from public life. In 1891 Congress voted him an annual pension of $1,200, and in 1894 he died.
Barlow, Francis C, major-general, was born in Brooklyn, New York, October 19, 1834. He was graduated at Harvard, ranking first in his class, then studied law in New York city, and practiced there, being for a time also on the editorial staff of the "Tribune." In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 12th regiment, New York state national guard, and at the end of the three months' service had been promoted lieutenant. He at once re-entered the service as lieutenant-colonel of the 61st New York volunteers, was promoted colonel during the siege of Yorktown, and at Fair Oaks distinguished himself so that he was later promoted brigadier-general. At Antietam his command captured 2 stands of Confederate colors and 300 prisoners, but he himself was severely wounded. Recovering, he fought at Chancellorsville, but at Gettysburg he was again severely wounded and taken prisoner. He was exchanged and recovered in time to take the field again the following spring, and at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864, commanded the 1st division, which, with the 3d division formed the rush line, the assault of which carried the Confederate works, making possible the victory. General Barlow participated in the final campaigns of the Potomac Page 26 under Grant, was present at the assault on the enemy's lines at Petersburg, and at the surrender of the Confederate forces in April, 1865. Upon being mustered out, he returned to New York, and was from 1865 to 1868 secretary of state for New York, and in 1872-73 attorney-general. He then returned to the practice of law. General Barlow died in 1896.
Barnard, John C, brigadier-general, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, May 19, 1815. In 1833 he was graduated at West Point, standing second in a class of forty-three, and was from that time until the outbreak of the Mexican war employed in various engineering works, being promoted in the meantime to captain. In the Mexican war he superintended the construction of the defenses of Tampico, and surveyed the battle-fields about the city of Mexico. For these services he was brevetted major, and in 1850 was appointed chief of a scientific commission to survey the Isthmus of Tehauntepec, his report of this work being the first full topographical account of the isthmus. From then until the outbreak of the Civil war he was engaged in various important engineering works, with the exception of the years 1855 and 1856, when he was superintendent of the military academy at West Point. He was promoted major of engineers in 1858, and at the outbreak of the Civil war served as chief engineer of the Department of Washington and then as chief engineer to General McDowell in the first Bull Run campaign. In the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862 he served as chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac with rank of brigadier-general, and was later made chief engineer of the defenses of Washington, being promoted to lieutenant-colonel of engineers, March 31, 1863. He was on the staff of General Grant in 1864 and at the close of the war was made colonel of the corps of engineers and brevetted major-general, U. S. A. After the war he was a member of various boards having charge of the fortifications and river and harbor constructions. He was the author of a number of valuable works on engineering subjects. General Barnard died in Detroit, Michigan, May 14, 1882.
Barnes, James, brigadier-general, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1806, and graduated at West Point in 1829. He resigned at the end of seven years' service, having attained the rank of first lieutenant in the 4th artillery, and was then until 1857 a railroad engineer and builder of railroads. Returning to service in the army at the outbreak of the Civil war, he was colonel of the 18th Massachusetts volunteers from July 26, 1861, to November 29, 1862, when he was promoted brigadier-general. He took part in the engagements of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and the skirmishes of Aldie and Upperville, and the battle of Gettysburg, where he commanded a division, and was severely wounded. He was afterwards on court-martial duty in command of various posts until the close of the war, and on March 13, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of the service in January, 1866, and died at Springfield, Massachusetts, February 12, 1869, having never fully recovered from wounds and exposure.
Barnes, Joseph K., brigadier-general, and surgeon-general, U. S. A., was born in Philadelphia, July 21, 1817. Being obliged by ill health to give up the studies which he had begun at Harvard, he left college, and later began his surgical studies under Surgeon-General Harris, U. S. A., and in 1838 was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. After two years' practice in Philadelphia he was appointed assistant surgeon in the Page 27 army and assigned to duty at West Point, where he remained a year, and was then transferred to Florida, spending two years there with General Harney's expedition against the Seminoles. He then served four years at Fort Jessup, Louisiana, and subsequently saw active service throughout the Mexican war, as chief medical officer in the cavalry brigade. He was assigned to duty at West Point in 1854, spent several years there, and at the beginning of the Civil war was called to duty at Washington. He was assigned to duty in the office of the surgeon-general in 1861, was appointed two years later medical inspector with the rank of colonel, and in September, 1863, was promoted to fill a vacancy in the surgeon-general's office, with the rank of brigadier-general. In 1865 he was brevetted major-general, U. S. A. After the war he did much to elevate the standard of the medical department, and was influential in having established the army medical museum and the library of the surgeon-general's office. He was present at the death-bed of President Lincoln, attended Secretary Seward when he was shot, and was physician to President Garfield during his long confinement. He died in Washington, April 5, 1883.
Barnum, Henry A., brigadier-general, was born in Jamesville, Onondaga county, New York, September 24, 1833, was educated in Syracuse, and in 1856 became a teacher in the Syracuse institute, after which he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Enlisting at the beginning of the Civil war as a private in the 12th New York volunteers, he was elected captain of Co. I, and fought with his regiment at Bull Run, the 12th being the first under fire at Blackburn's ford, previous to the battle. In October, 1861, he was promoted to major, served after that a short time as a member of General Wadsworth's staff, and then rejoined his regiment and fought through the peninsular campaign. At Malvern hill he received a wound from which he never fully recovered, was carried apparently dead from the field, and a body, supposed to be his, was buried, while at his home a funeral oration was delivered. He was taken to Libby prison, remaining there until July 18, 1862, and then, after a six months' leave of absence returned to the war as a colonel, leading his regiment at Gettysburg, and at Lookout mountain. where he was again wounded, and where his regiment captured 11 battleflags. He was again wounded in the Atlanta campaign, commanded a brigade in Sherman's march to the sea, and had the distinction of being the first officer to enter Savannah. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted a major-general of volunteers, and in the following January he resigned, having declined a colonelcy in the regular army, and became inspector of prisons in New York.
Barry, William F., brigadier-general, was born in New York city, August 8, 1818, was graduated at West Point in 1838, and in that year assisted Major Ringgold to organize the first battery of light artillery formed in the United States army. He served in Mexico from 1846 to 1848, fighting at the battle of Tampico, was stationed at Fort Henry from 1849 to 1851 and on July 1, 1852, was made captain of the 2nd artillery. He served in the Seminole war in Florida and during the Kansas disturbances, and at the outbreak of the Civil war entered active service, assisting in the defense of Fort Pickens as major of light artillery. On August 20, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and took an active part in the Virginia peninsular campaign until August, 1862, fighting in all the important battles. From the end of the campaign until 1864 he was chief of artillery in the defenses of Washington, having been appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st artillery on August 1, 1863. In Page 28 May, 1863, he was assigned to the command at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, West Virginia, against a threatened cavalry raid, and was. from March, 1864, to June, 1866, chief of artillery on General Sherman's staff, taking part during this time in the siege of Atlanta. During his service in the war he was given various brevet titles, culminating in that of brevet major-general, U. S. A., which was conferred on him March 13, 1865. After the war he served on the northern frontier, then as commander of the artillery school of practice at Fortress Monroe, and as commandant at Fort Henry. He died in Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, July 18, 1879.
Bartlett, Joseph J., brigadier-general, was born about 1820, and at the beginning of the Civil war enlisted to fight for the Union. He became colonel of the 27th New York volunteers, and on October 4, 1862, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Meritorious service during the war won him a renewal of his commission as brigadier-general, in March, 1864, and on August 1, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He was mustered out January 15, 1866. After the war, from 1867 to 1869, General Bartlett was United States minister to Norway and Sweden.
Bartlett, William F., brigadier-general, was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, January 6. 1840, and was a student at Harvard college when President Lincoln issued his first call for troops. He at once enlisted in the 4th battalion of Massachusetts volunteers, returned to college for a short time, and was then elected captain in the 20th Massachusetts volunteers. His aptitude for military service soon won for him promotion, and he became an acting field officer. In the spring of 1862 he was severely wounded at Yorktown and lost a leg. Recovering, he organized the 49th Massachusetts volunteers in the fall of 1862, and, in spite of the loss of his leg, was elected its colonel. Colonel Bartlett's regiment was ordered to Louisiana with General Banks' expedition, and at the assault on Port Hudson he was twice wounded. Returning to the north, he organized the 57th Massachusetts volunteers, led it in the Wilderness campaign, and was again wounded. He was appointed brigadier-general and returned to duty as soon as he was able to ride. After the explosion of the mine before Petersburg, July 30, 1864, he was taken prisoner and suffered several weeks in Libby prison and elsewhere, being then exchanged. In September, 1864, he was given command of the 1st division of the 9th army corps, and was brevetted major-general of volunteers in 1865. General Bartlett's military career is one of the most brilliant on record. He was noted as a soldier for his daring, coolness and intrepidity in action. After the war he engaged in business in Richmond, Virginia, and Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and died m Pittsfield in 1876.
Baxter, Henry, brigadier-general, was born in Sidney Plains, Delaware county, New York, September 8, 1821. He received an academic education and in 1849 went to California as captain of a company of thirty men. Early in 1861 he volunteered as a private, raised a company, and was elected its captain, the company afterwards being mustered into the 7th Michigan volunteers. On May 22, 1862, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and, while in command of his regiment, at Fredericksburg, led an attack upon a company of Confederate sharpshooters across the river. The sharpshooters were dislodged, but Colonel Baxter was shot through the lung. In March, 1863, he was promoted to brigadier-general, and participated in most of the battles of the Army of the Potomac. He distinguished himself at Antietam and in the Wilderness, in both of which contests he was wounded, besides having two horses killed Page 28 under him at the Wilderness. For gallantry at the Wilderness, Dabney's mill and Five Forks, he was made brevet major-general of volunteers, April 1, 1865. After the war, from 1866 to 1869, he was United States minister to Honduras. He died in Jonesville, Hillsdale county, Michigan, December 30, 1873.
Bayard, George Dashiell, brigadier-general, was born in Seneca Falls, New York, December 18, 1835. Moving with his parents to Iowa in early youth, he attended a military school taught by a Major Dorn, and learned fencing from Colonel Korponay, an exiled Hungarian. Going then to West Point he was graduated in 1856, and was assigned to frontier duty in the 1st cavalry. He was severely wounded there in a fight with the Kiowa Indians. In 1861 he was cavalry instructor at West Point, became a 1st lieutenant in the 3d cavalry on March 16 of that year, and on August 20 he was promoted to captain of the 4th cavalry and granted a leave of absence to become colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania cavalry. On April 28, 1862, he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, and served with distinction in the campaigns of the Shenandoah, northern Virginia and on the Rappahannock. In the battle of Fredericksburg he was mortally wounded, and on the next day, December 14, 1862, he died. He was buried with military honors at Princeton, New Jersey. A memorial by his father was published in 1874.
Beal, George L., brigadier-general, was born in Norway, Maine, May a1, 1825. Leaving Portland on October 6, 1861, as colonel of the 10th Maine volunteers, he served with distinction throughout the Civil war, and was mustered out of the service, January 15, 1866. On May 30, 1864, while colonel of the 29th Maine volunteers, he was appointed brigadier-general by the president, and served in this capacity during the remainder of the war. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers March 13, 1865.
Beatty, John, brigadier-general, was born near Sandusky, O., December 16, 1828, received a common school education, and then entered business life as clerk in a banking house. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 3d Ohio infantry, was appointed captain, and later lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the early campaigns in western Virginia, became a colonel in 1862, and in the three days' fight at Stone's river, December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, commanded a brigade. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers November 29, 1862, and resigned from the service January 28. 1864. After the war he took an active interest in public affairs, served two terms in congress, was a presidential elector-at-large, and wrote two books.
Beatty, Samuel, brigadier-general, was born in Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, December, 16, 1820. In 1827 he moved with his father to Jackson, Stark county, Ohio, where he spent the rest of his life, with the exception of the time spent in military service. He served nearly two years as 1st lieutenant in the 3d Ohio volunteers during the Mexican war, and then, returning to civil life, was elected sheriff of his county in 1857 and re-elected in 1859. On November 16, 1861, he became colonel of the 19th Ohio volunteers and served with distinction throughout the war. On November 29, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded a division in the battle of Stone's river. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers March 13, 1865, was mustered out of the service, January 15, 1866, and returned to Ohio, where he spent the rest of his life on his farm. He died, May 26, 1885.
Belknap, William W., brigadier-general, was born in Newburgh, New York, September 22. 1829. In 1848 he was graduated from Princeton Page 30 university, afterwards studied law, and in 1851 moved to Keokuk, Iowa, to practice his profession. While residing there he was elected, in 1857 as a Democrat, to the state legislature. When the Civil war broke out he joined the Union forces as major of the 15th Iowa volunteers, fought at Shiloh, Corinth and Vicksburg, and distinguished himself during Sherman's Atlanta campaign. He was promoted to brigadier-general on July 30, 1864, and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers. After the war he was collector of internal revenue from 1865 to 1869, when he was appointed secretary of war. He held this office during the entire administration of General Grant until March 7, 1876, when, on account of charges of official corruption, he resigned. He was impeached on charges of accepting bribes, but, as his resignation took effect before the trial was actually begun, the proceedings were dropped for lack of jurisdiction. He died in 1890.
Benham, Henry W., brigadier-general, was born in Connecticut in 1817, and graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1837. Being assigned to the engineer corps, he had charge of various engineering works until the outbreak of the Mexican war, in which he distinguished himself, being brevetted captain for meritorious services at the battle of Buena Vista. After the Mexican war he again engaged in engineering works, until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he entered upon active service as a member of General Morris' staff, as engineer of the Department of the Ohio. He was brevetted colonel for gallantry at the battle of Carrick's ford, July 13, 1861, was made brigadier-general of volunteers in August, and took part in the Virginia campaigns of that year. In 1862 he was present at the capture of Fort Pulaski and James' island, and in the same year superintended the construction of fortifications in Boston and Portsmouth harbors, and commanded the northern district of the Department of the South. He showed himself efficient in the construction of pontoon bridges, and was, in 1864. in command of the pontoon department at Washington. During the war he was advanced by regular stages of promotion to lieutenant-colonel of engineers, U. S. A., and he was at the end of the war given the brevet titles of brigadier-general and major-general, U. S. A., and major-general, U. S. volunteers. After the war he was promoted to colonel of engineers, and was employed in various governmental works. He was retired in 1882, and died in New York, June 1, 1884.
Benton, William P., brigadier-general, was born near Newmarket, Frederick county, Maryland, December 25, 1828. His father dying when he was but four months old, he was taken by his mother to Indiana in 1836. At the beginning of the Mexican war, when only eighteen years old, he enlisted for the Mexican war as a private in a regiment of mounted riflemen. and fought at Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec, and the capture of the City of Mexico. Returning after the war to Richmond, Indiana, he was admitted to the bar in 1851, was appointed prosecuting attorney in 1852, and in 1856 was made judge of the common pleas court. Judge Benton was the first man in Wayne county to respond to the president's call for troops, and his company, which he gathered in twenty-four hours, was the first in Indiana to be mustered into the service. He was promoted colonel of the 8th Indiana, had command at Rich mountain and distinguished himself there by personal bravery. Upon the expiration of the first three months he re-enlisted and re-organized the regiment, and reported to General Fremont in September, 1861. The regiment, placed in Page 31 the vanguard of Fremont's army, served in the campaign in Missouri and Kansas. Colonel Benton commanded a brigade at Pea ridge, and for gallantry in that battle was promoted to brigadier-general. He took part in the battles of Port Gibson. Jackson, Champion's hill, Black River bridge, the sieges of Vicksburg and Mobile, and was injured at Jackson, Mississippi On March 25, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and resigned the following July. While in New Orleans, under appointment from the government, he died in 1867.
Berry, Hiram G., major-general, was born in Thomaston (now Rockland), Maine, August 27, 1824, learned the carpenter trade as a boy, and afterwards became a navigator. He represented his native town for several terms in the state legislature and was mayor of the city of Rockland. At Rockland he organized and for several years commanded a company called the Rockland Guard, which was well known for its excellent discipline. At the beginning of the Civil war, General Berry entered the service as colonel of the 4th Maine infantry, took part in the battle of Bull Run, the siege of Yorktown, and on April 4, 1862, was made a brigadier-general. He was present at the battles of Fair Oaks and Williamsburg, at the Seven Days' fight, the second Bull Run campaign, and Chantilly. In January, 1863, he was nominated by the president as major-general of volunteers, the nomination was confirmed, and he was placed in command of the 2nd division of the 3d army corps, succeeding General Sickles. Berry lost his life at a critical juncture in the battle of Chancellorsville, when, at the head of his division, he was leading a bayonet charge against the enemy.
Biddle, Charles J., brigadier-general, was born in Philadelphia in 1819. He was a son of Nicholas Biddle, of United States Bank fame, graduated at Princeton college in 1837, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840, served as a captain of the Voltigeurs in the U. S. army in the Mexican war, and was in the actions of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the taking of the City of Mexico, and was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious services. At the close of that war he resumed the practice of his profession in his native city. On June 21, 1861, he was appointed a colonel in the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, and on August 31, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, but declined the appointment. In October he was elected a member of the 37th Congress, and on December 11, resigned his commission as colonel. After the war he became one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of the Philadelphia Age, and he died in Philadelphia, September 28, 1873.
Bidwell, Daniel D., brigadier-general, was born about 1816 in Buffalo, New York, where he became a prominent and influential citizen, and for more than twenty years was identified with the military organizations of the city. When the war broke out he was holding the office of police justice, but resigned his position and entered the 65th New York infantry as a private, and was subsequently appointed brigade inspector. Upon the death of the captain of his company he resigned that position, accepted the command vacated, and withdrawing it from the regiment reorganized it as an independent citizens' corps, thus forming the nucleus of what was afterward known as the 74th New York infantry. In September, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 49th New York infantry, served with it through the Peninsular campaign, and during the Seven Days' battles was in command of a brigade, continuing in charge from Harrison's landing to Washington and up to the time of the battles of Page 32 South mountain and Antietam, when he resumed command of his regiment. Colonel Bidwell took a prominent part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, commanded a brigade at Gettysburg, and when General Grant took command of the armies in Virginia was again placed in charge of a brigade, participating in all the battles near Petersburg. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in July, 1864, and served with honor in all the battles in the Shenandoah valley, under General Sheridan, up to the battle of Cedar creek, in which engagement he was killed.
Birge, Henry W., brigadier-general, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, about 1830. He was serving on the staff of Governor Buckingham of Connecticut when the Civil war broke out, and organized the first regiment raised in that state. On May 22, 1861, he was made major of the 4th Connecticut volunteers, the first three-year regiment organized in Connecticut, and served with his regiment in Maryland and Virginia. He was "promoted colonel of the 13th Conn, regiment, November 5, 1861, left in the following March to join General Butler's forces in New Orleans, and was afterwards placed in command of the defenses there. In September he commanded a brigade under Major-General Beckwith, took an active part in the battle of Georgia landing in October, accompanied General Banks on the first Red River campaign, and was present at the siege and surrender of Port Hudson, July 8, 1863. On October 6, 1863, he was promoted brigadier-general and in 1864 commanded a brigade under Banks in the second Red River campaign, served actively in several engagements and was then placed in command of Baton Rouge, Louisiana He was ordered north with the 2nd division of the 19th corps in August, 1864, commanded a division under General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, and, early in 1865, was sent to command the fortifications at Atlanta, Georgia At the recommendation of General Sheridan, he was, on February 25, 1865, brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallant action at the battle of Cedar creek. He resigned his commission in October, 1865, and, on his return to Connecticut, was awarded a vote of thanks by the state legislature. General Birge died June 1, 1888.
Birney, David B., major-general, was born in Huntsville, Alabama, May 29, 1825, being a son of James G. Birney, the abolition leader. He studied law in Cincinnati, O., where his father published a newspaper, then moved with his parents to Bay City, Michigan, and later to Philadelphia, where he was practicing law at the outbreak of the Civil war. Giving up his profession, he recruited, largely at his own expense, the 23d Pennsylvania volunteer regiment, of which he was made at first lieutenant-colonel and afterwards colonel, being promoted from this rank to brigadier-general and major-general of volunteers. He fought bravely at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Manassas, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and, upon the death of General Berry, succeeded him as commander of the division. In the battle of Gettysburg he commanded the 3d corps after General Sickles was wounded, and on July 23, 1864, was made commander of the 10th corps. He returned home with greatly impaired health, and on October 18, 1864, died of disease contracted while in the service.
Birney, William, brigadier-general, was born in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1819, the second son of James G. Birney, and was like his father a strong abolitionist. He was educated at Centre and Yale colleges, and spent five years in study in Europe. While in France, in 1848, he took an active part in the revolution and was appointed, Page 32 on competitive examination, professor of English literature in the college at Bourges. Entering the military service of the United States as captain, in 1861, he rose through all the grades to the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers, and during the last two years of the war commanded a division. In 1863, having been commissioned by the war department to organize colored troops, he enlisted, equipped, and sent to the field, seven regiments of colored troops, in doing which, he liberated the slaves from the slave prisons in Baltimore, thus freeing a large number of slaves belonging to Confederate officers. The result of his operations was to hasten the abolition of slavery in Maryland. After the defeat of the Union troops at Olustee, Florida, being placed in command of that district, he succeeded in regaining possession of the principal parts of the state and of several Confederate strongholds. He took part in numerous skirmishes and the principal battles in Virginia, including the first and second Bull Run, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, Chantilly and Chancellorsville. After the war he spent four years in Florida, and then removed to Washington where he practiced his profession, becoming attorney for the District of Columbia.
Blair, Francis P., Jr., major-general, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, February 19, 1821, son of Francis Preston Blair, statesman. He was graduated from Princeton in 1841, admitted to the bar in 1843, practiced two years in St. Louis, and then spent two years in the Rocky Mountains for his health. He served as a private in the Mexican war, then returned to St. Louis, where he took an active part in politics as a Free Soil Democrat, and represented his district in the state legislature from 1852 to 1856, after which he spent several terms in Congress. In 1861, at a meeting of Republican leaders in St. Louis, Mr. Blair urged the necessity of saving from the state authorities the St. Louis arsenal, containing 65,000 stands of arms belonging to the government, and he became the head of the military organization then formed, which guarded the arsenal from that time. Under his direction, the state troops under General Frost were captured in May, 1861, and it is claimed that this act, done though it was without authority from Washington, saved Missouri and Kentucky to the Union. He then joined the Union army as colonel of volunteers and was promoted to brigadier-general, and, on November 29, 1862, was made major-general of volunteers. He commanded a division in the Vicksburg campaign, led his men at Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge, and was at the head of his troops, the 17th corps, during Sherman's campaigns in 1864-65, including the march to the sea. His opposition to reconstruction policies after the war led to his rejection by the senate, when nominated by President Johnson as revenue collector at St. Louis, and also as United States minister to Austria. He returned to the Democratic party and was its candidate for the vice-presidency in 1868. In January, 1871, he again entered the Missouri state legislature, was elected to the United States senate to fill an unexpired term, but failed at re-election in 1873. At the time of his death, which occurred in St. Louis in 1875, he was state superintendent of insurance.
Blenker, Louis, brigadier-general, was born in Worms, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, July 31, 1812. While in the service of the Bavarian legion, which accompanied King Otho to Greece, he attained the rank of lieutenant, in 1837. He was a leading member of the revolutionary government at Worms, in 1849, and upon the overthrow of the revolutionist cause, was forced to retire to Page 34 Switzerland. Being ordered to leave that country also, he emigrated in September, 1849, to the United States, where he at first undertook to cultivate a farm in Rockland county, New York, and later engaged in business in New York city. Being commissioned on May 31, 1861, colonel of the 8th New York volunteers, which he had organized, he first distinguished himself at the battle of Bull Run, where his regiment, which acted as a reserve, covered the retreat with great steadiness and recovered two Union colors which the retreating soldiers had left on the field. For gallantry at this time he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and, in the early part of the peninsular campaign, was ordered to West Virginia, where he took an active part in the battle of Cross Keys, June 8, 1862, until, on the arrival of General Fremont, he was superseded by General Sigel He was then ordered to Washington, mustered out of the service in March, 1863, and on October 31, died on his farm in Rockland county, New York, as the result of internal injuries, received from a fall of his horse during the Virginia campaign.
Blunt, James G., major-general, was born in Hancock county, Maine, in 1826. From the time he was fifteen until his twentieth year he spent on the sea, then studied medicine, was graduated in 1849 from the Starling medical college, Columbus, O., and practiced medicine in Ohio until 1856, when he settled in Anderson county, Kansas In Kansas he soon became prominent in politics, used his influence against the introduction of slavery, and was a member of the state constitutional convention. Entering the army in July, 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Kansas volunteers, he commanded the cavalry in General James Lane's brigade, and on April 8, 1862, was made brigadier-general and given command of the military Department of Kansas. His troops routed the Confederates in the battle of Old Fort Wayne, October 22, 1862, again at Cane hill, Arkansas, on November 28, 1862, and on December 7 of that year he met and defeated, with the aid of General Herron, the Confederates under Hindman at Prairie Grove, checking thereby the advance of the Southern troops into Missouri. On December 28, he captured Fort Van Buren. He was promoted to major-general of volunteers November 29, 1862, and in June, 1863, being relieved of command of the Department of Kansas, he took the field with the Army of the Frontier. He defeated General Cooper at Honey Springs, July 16, 1863, and in October, 1864, aided by Sanborn's cavalry, he met the Confederates at Newtonia, Missouri, and there dealt the final blow to Price's invasion of Missouri. During the latter part of the war he was military commandant of the district of south Kansas. He was mustered out of the service, July 29, 1865, and settled at Leavenworth, Kansas He died in Washington, D. G, in 1881.
Bohlen, Henry, brigadier-general, was born in Bremen, Germany, October 22, 1810. Coming to the United States while a boy, he settled in Philadelphia and there acquired a fortune in the liquor business. In 1861 he became colonel of the 75th Pennsylvania (German) volunteers and was attached to General Blenker's command. On April 28, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and served in western Virginia under General Fremont, distinguishing himself especially at the battle of Cross Keys, on June 8, 1862. He was also commended for his services under General Sigel in the Shenandoah valley. While covering the retreat of the army of Virginia across the Rappahannock he led his brigade across the river to attack a detachment of Longstreet's division, but was assailed by superior numbers and lost his life while retreating back across the river, on August 22, 1862.
Bowen, James, brigadier-general, was born in New York city in 1808. Left an ample fortune by his father, he was the first president of the Erie railway, holding that office for many years. He was a member of the state legislature in 1848 and 1849, and subsequently held various civic offices, being in 1855 the first police commissioner in New York city. At the beginning of the Civil war he raised several regiments, which were formed into a brigade, of which he was made brigadier-general. After General Butler left New Orleans, General Bowen went there, being made provost-marshal-general of the Department of the Gulf in December,'1862. He resigned, July 27, 1864, and on March 13, 1865, was made brevet major-general of volunteers. His last public office was that of commissioner of charities, to which he was appointed by Mayor Havemeyer, and which he held for many years. General Bowen was a man of unusual qualities, and numbered among his intimate friends such men as Daniel Webster and William H. Seward. He died at Hastings-on-the-Hudson, September 29, 1886.
Boyle, Jeremiah T., brigadier-general, was born in 1818, graduated from Princeton in 1839, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Kentucky until the outbreak of the Civil war. When the slave states seceded from the Union and Kentucky was in doubt which side to join, he took the Union side, and on November 4, 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Because of distinguished services in organizing for defense against the Confederate invasion, he was appointed military governor of Kentucky, holding that office from 1862 to 1864, when he resigned his commission to become president of the Louisville city railway company. In 1866 he became president of the Evansville, Henderson & Nashville railroad company, which position he held during the remainder of his life. He died in Louisville, Kentucky, July 28, 1871.
Bradley, Luther P., brigadier-general, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, December 8, 1822. After receiving a common school education he removed to Illinois, and in 1861 entered the Union service as lieutenant-colonel of a regiment which he had organized,—the 51st Illinois volunteers. He was on recruiting duty until February, 1862, and subsequently fought at the capture of Island No. 10, at New Madrid, Farmington, Nashville, Stone's river, Chickamauga, where he was severely wounded, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw mountain, Peachtree creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro. On October 15, 1862, he became colonel of his regiment. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers July 30, 1864, and took part in the campaign against General Hood, being wounded at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee On June 30, 1865, he resigned his commission, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 27th U. S. infantry, July 28, 1866, and on March 2, 1867, was brevetted colonel in the regular army for services at Chickamauga, and brigadier-general for services at Resaca. After the war, from 1866 to 1886, he served as lieutenant-colonel and afterwards colonel, on the plains, and in Wyoming, Kansas, New Mexico and other places. He was retired December 8, 1886.
Bragg, Edward S., brigadier-general, was born at Unadilla, New York, February 20, 1827. After a preliminary education in the village school and academy, he entered Geneva, now Hobart college, where he remained three years, going then to study law in the office of Judge Noble of Unadilla. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1848, practiced law for a time in New York, and then moved to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, where he served as district attorney from 1854 to 1856. In 1860 he was sent as a Douglas Democrat to the Charleston Page 36 convention. Entering the Union army, May 5, 1861, as captain, he was promoted through all the intermediate grades to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, to which he was appointed June 25. 1864. He participated in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac except the Peninsular and was at Gettysburg and Five Forks, serving with such distinction as to win him deserved promotions. He was mustered out October 8, 1865, returned to Fond du Lac, and in 1866 was appointed postmaster there by President Johnson. Since the war he has held various important civic offices. He was in 1866 a delegate to the Philadelphia Union convention, was elected state senator in 1867 and served one term, and was a delegate to the Soldiers' and Sailors' convention which nominated Horatio Seymour for president in 1868. In 1872 he was a delegate to the national Democratic convention in Baltimore which nominated Horace Greeley for president, and was also a member of the Democratic national conventions of 1884, 1892 and 1906. In the convention of 1884 he seconded the nomination of Grover Cleveland for president, using the phrase which has since become famous: "We love him for the enemies he has made." In 1896 he was a prominent gold Democrat, and in 1900 supported McKinley. He was a member of Congress from 1877 to 1883. and from 1885 to 1887, and was regarded during his congressional career as one of the most dangerous antagonists in debate in the house. He was minister to Mexico in 1888-89, consul-general to Havana from May 19, 1902, to September 15, 1902, and was on September 15, 1902, appointed consul-general to Hong Kong, in which position he served until 1906. He is now living retired at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.
Bramlette, Thomas E., brigadier-general, was born in Cumberland county, Kentucky, January 3, 1817. He was educated in the county schools, studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1848 became state's attorney, resigning that office in 1850 in order that he might devote himself to his private practice. In 1856 he was elected district judge, but resigned in 1861 to enter the Union army. He raised the 3d Kentucky infantry, was elected its colonel, and in April, 1863, became brigadier-general of volunteers. He resigned his commission the same year to become governor of Kentucky, to which office he had been elected on the Union ticket. He remained in office until 1867, and then resumed his law practice at Louisville. He died in Louisville, January 12, 1875.
Brannan, John M., brigadier-general, was born in the District of Columbia, in 1819, and was graduated at the United States military academy at West Point in 1841. He served at Plattsburg, New York, during the border disturbances in 1840-41, and in the Mexican war as 1st lieutenant of the 1st artillery. He took part in most of the important engagements of the Mexican war, was severely wounded in the assault on the City of Mexico, and came out of the contest with the brevet of captain. He served in the Seminole war in Florida in 1856-58, and entered the Civil war as brigadier-general of volunteers. He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel in the regular army for gallantry at the battle of Jacksonville, Florida, in 1862, and in September, 1863, won the brevet of colonel for meritorious service at the battle of Chickamauga. On January 23, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet of major-general in the regular army for services at Atlanta. He was active in the Tennessee and Georgia campaigns, fighting with distinction in most of the battles of each. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and, after a Page 37 short leave of absence, was placed in command of Fort Trumbull, Connecticut Subsequently he served at Ogdensburg, New York, during the Fenian disturbances of 1870, and at Philadelphia, in 1877, during the railroad riots, commanding United States troops in both places. He was retired from the active service in 1882 and died December 16, 1892.
Brayman, Mason, brigadier-general, was born in Buffalo, New York, May 23, 1813. Brought up on a farm, he became a printer, then editor of the Buffalo "Bulletin," studied law, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. Removing to the west, he became city attorney of Monroe, Michigan, in 1838, editor of the Louisville "Adviser" in 1841, opened a law office in Springfield, Illinois, in 1842, and in 1844-45 revised the state statutes. In 1843, as special government commissioner, he adjusted the Mormon disturbances at Nauvoo, and conducted the negotiations which resulted in the withdrawal of the Mormons from Illinois. He was from 1851 to 1855 attorney for the Illinois Central railroad, and then, until the outbreak of the Civil war, was a promoter of railroad enterprises in Missouri, Arkansas and the southwest. In 1861 he joined the Union army as major of the 29th Illinois volunteers, became colonel of the regiment in May, 1862, and fought with such conspicuous gallantry at the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson and Shiloh that he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He was in command at Bolivar, Tennessee, when Van Dora's attack was successfully repulsed. He afterwards reorganized about sixty Ohio regiments, at Fort Dennison; was president of a board of inquiry to investigate the conduct of General Sturgis, commanded at Natchez, Tennessee, from July, 1864, to May, 1865, and was presiding officer of a committee to investigate cotton claims. He was mustered out of the service at the close of the war with the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers. After the war he was engaged in reviving railroad interests in the south, was editor of the "Illinois State Journal" in 1872-73, practiced law in Ripon. Wisconsin, from 1873 to 1877, and was then appointed by President Hayes governor of Idaho. At the expiration of his term, in 1880, he resumed the practice of his profession in Ripon, Wisconsin He afterwards settled in Kansas City, Missouri, and died there February 27, 1895.
Briggs, Henry S., brigadier-general, was born in August, 1824, and in 1844 graduated from Williams college. He afterwards studied law and gained some distinction as a lawyer, and in 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil war, joined the Union army as colonel of the 10th Massachusetts volunteers. At the battle of Fair Oaks he distinguished himself, and on July 17, 1862, was made a brigadier-general of volunteers. He served throughout the war and was at its close a member of the general court-martial in Washington, D. C He was mustered out of the service December 4, 1865.
Brisbin, James S., brigadier-general, was born in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, about 1838. He received a classical education, taught school, and became well known before the Civil war as an anti-slavery orator. Enlisting in the Civil war as a private, he was commissioned 2nd lieutenant, and fought in the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861, where he was severely wounded. In August, 1861, he was promoted captain of the 2nd cavalry and fought with distinction in the following May, with the Army of the Potomac. He was present at Malvern hill and most of the other battles of the Peninsular campaign, and also in the Blue Ridge expedition, and for meritorious service at the battle of Beverly ford, Virginia, June 9, 1863, was Page 38 brevetted major U. S. A. He commanded the Pennsylvania state cavalry at Gettysburg, and then joined Banks' Red River expedition as chief of cavalry on the staff of General A. L. Lee. Being wounded at Sabine cross-roads, April 8, 1864, he returned north and became chief of staff to General S. G. Burbridge in his operations in Kentucky and Tennessee. Near the close of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel U. S. A., brigadier-general of volunteers and major-general of volunteers and promoted to the full rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, receiving his brevets for gallant action at Beverly, Virginia, and Marion, Virginia, and meritorious service during the war. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and became captain in the 6th U. S. cavalry. In January, 1868, he was promoted to major of the 2nd cavalry, was made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th cavalry in 1885, and on August 20, 1889, became colonel of the 1st cavalry. He died January 14, 1892.
Brooke, John R., brigadier-general, was born in Pottsville. Pennsylvania, July 21, 1838, and joined the Union army in April, 1861, as captain in the 4th Pennsylvania volunteers. At the close of his three months' service he reenlisted as colonel of the 53d Pennsylvania infantry, and on May 12, 1864, was commissioned brigadier-general for distinguished services during the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. On August 1, 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for "gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Totopotomy and Cold Harbor, Virginia," and resigned from the volunteer service February 1, 1866. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, July 28, 1866, being assigned to the 37th U. S. infantry. On March 2, 1867, he received the brevets of colonel and brigadier-general U. S. A. for gallant and meritorious services at Gettysburg and Spottsylvania court-house. He was transferred to the 3d infantry, March 19, 1869, promoted colonel of the 13th infantry, March 20, 1879, transferred to the 3d infantry, June 14, 1879, and promoted brigadier-general, April 6, 1888. He was assigned to the command of the Rialto in 1888 and in 1896 to the command of the Department of Dakota, with headquarters at St. Paul, Minnesota. On May 22, 1897, he was promoted major-general and assigned to the Department of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, Illinois, and in April, 1898, was given command of the troops assembled at Chickamauga park for service in the Spanish-American war. In July, 1898, he was made head of the military commission and governor-general of Porto Rico, and in December, 1898, was transferred to Cuba as governor-general, his conduct in both places meeting with the approval of the inhabitants. In May, 1900, he became commander of the Department of the East, a position which he held until July 21. 1902, when he was retired.
Brooks, William T. H., major-general, was born at New Lisbon, Ohio, January 28, 1821. He was graduated at West Point in 1841, going immediately afterwards into service in the Florida war, and in 1842 was made second lieutenant. He was garrisoned at Fort Stansbury, Florida, in 1843, did frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1843 to 1845, served during the military occupation of Texas, and then engaged in the war with Mexico with the rank of first lieutenant. At Monterey, Contreras and Churubusco he especially distinguished himself and won the brevets of captain and major. He was acting adjutant-general of General Twiggs' division in 1847 and 1848, and aide-de-camp for the next three years, was promoted captain in 1851, and from 1852 to 1858 was on duty in New Mexico. After two years' sick leave, he returned to duty at Page 39 the beginning of the Civil war as brigadier-general of volunteers, and engaged in the war until July 14, 1864, when he resigned on account of failing health. He was major-general of volunteers from June 10, 1863, to April 18, 1864. During the war he was present at the principal battles of the Army of the Potomac, commanded a division in the Rappahannock campaign, was in command of the Department of the Monongahela in 1863 and 1864, and of the 10th army corps from May 10, 1864, until he resigned. He was wounded at Savage Station and Antietam. After the war, in 1866, he moved to his farm near Huntsville, Alabama, where he spent the remainder of his days. He died there July 19, 1870.
Brown, Egbert B., brigadier-general, was born at Brownsville, New York, October 24, 1816. He obtained the rudiments of an education at Tecumseh, Michigan, and then, being thrown upon his own resources, was employed as helper on a whaling voyage around the world. He was afterwards employed at various occupations in Toledo, Ohio, became mayor of that city in 1840, and then, removing to St. Louis in 1852, was, until 1861, a railroad manager. Resigning his position at that time, he was influential in saving the state to the Union, and in May, 1862, was appointed brigadier-general of Missouri volunteers, and in 1863, after the battle of Springfield, was made brigadier-general of United States volunteers. He was severely wounded at the battle of Springfield, and never fully recovered. The troops under his command at that battle were officially complimented for gallantry by the Missouri legislature. He served throughout the war, mainly in Missouri, Arkansas and Texas, coming out of the conflict with one shoulder almost wholly disabled, and a bullet in his hip. In 1866 he was appointed United States pension agent at St. Louis, and held this position two years, resigning at the end of that time to engage in farming at Hastings, Illinois From 1881 to 1884 he was a member of the state board of equalization.
Buchanan, Robert C, brigadier-general, was born in Maryland about 1810, was graduated at West Point in 1830, served then in the Black Hawk and Seminole wars, and in 1838 was promoted captain. He served during the military occupation of Texas in 1845-46, and in the Mexican war, being brevetted major for gallant action at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Texas, and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct at the battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico. He was appointed major in the 4th infantry, February 3. 1855, served on recruiting, garrison and court martial duty until 1861, and in September of that year was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 4th infantry and stationed at Washington, D. C, where he remained until March, 1862. He took a prominent part in the Peninsular campaign, winning the brevet of colonel for gallantry at Gaines' mill, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862, and, after March, 1863, commanded Fort Delaware. He was promoted colonel in the regular army in 1864 and in 1865 was given the brevets of major-general and brigadier-general, U. S. A., for gallantry at Malvern hill, Manassas and Fredericksburg. He was a member of the military commission, December 1, 1865, to investigate the complaints of Prussia concerning the Massachusetts enlistments in 1863, was a member of the Iowa claims commission in 1867, was in command of the district of Louisiana in 1868, and of Fort Porte in 1869-70. He was retired at his own request December 31, 1870, and died in Washington, D. C, November 29, 1878.
Buckingham, Catharinus P., Brigadier-general, was born in Springfield, Ohio, March 14, 1808. He graduated in the military academy at West Point in 1829, served one year on topographical duty and another as instructor at West Point, and then resigned from the service to become professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio. He then engaged in manufacturing and acquired a business interest in the Kokosing iron works at Mt. Vernon, Ohio. On May 3, 1861, he entered the United States service as assistant adjutant-general of Ohio, was made commissary-general on May 8, and on July 1, adjutant-general with the rank of brigadier-general, serving until April 2, 1862. He was detailed on special duty in the war department in Washington from July, 1862, to February, 1863, and then resigned to go into business in New York. He built the Illinois Central railroad company's grain elevators in Chicago, and rebuilt those that had been destroyed by the great fire, being occupied in this work from 1868 to 1873, and then became president of the Chicago steel works. He died in Chicago, Illinois, August 30, 1888.
Buckland, Ralph P., brigadier-general, was born at Leyden, Massachusetts, January 20, 1812, was educated in Ohio, admitted to the bar there in 1837, and began the practice of law in Fremont, that state. He was in 1848 a delegate to the national Whig convention, and in 1855 became state senator, holding that office until 1859. At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted a regiment which became the 72nd Ohio volunteers, and was elected its colonel. For gallantry at the battle of Shiloh, where he commanded the 4th brigade of Sherman's division, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862. He commanded a brigade of the 15th army corps at Vicksburg, was later assigned to the command of the district of Memphis, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He resigned from the army in January, 1865, to accept a seat in Congress to which he had been elected while in the field, and was re-elected in 1866. He was president of the board of managers of the Ohio soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home from 1867 to 1873, and government director of the Union Pacific railroad from 1877 to 1880. General Buckland was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists' convention in 1866, to the Pittsburg soldiers' convention, and to the Republican national convention of 1876. He died at Fremont, Ohio, May 28, 1892.
Buell, Don Carlos, major-general, was born near Marietta, Ohio, March 23, 1818. He was graduated at West Point in 1841, and assigned to the 3d infantry, being raised to 1st lieutenant June 18, 1846. He served in the war with Mexico, being brevetted captain for gallant action at Monterey, and major after Contreras and Churubusco, having received a severe wound in the latter engagement, and was then, from 1848 to 1861, on duty as assistant adjutant-general at Washington and at various department headquarters. He received a staff appointment as lieutenant-colonel, May 11, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on May 17, being employed at first in organizing the troops at Washington, and in August, 1861, was given command of a division of the Army of the Potomac. In November, 1861, he superseded General W. T. Sherman as commander of the Department of the Cumberland, which was reorganized as the Department of the Ohio, and the campaign in Kentucky was opened on December 17, 1861, when an attack was begun upon his pickets at Rowlett station, near Munfordville. General Buell occupied Bowling Green, February 14, 1862, took possession with Page 41 a small force of Gallatin, Tenn., on the 23d, and entered Nashville two days later. On March 21, 1862, he was made major-general of volunteers, his department becoming a part of the Department of the Mississippi under General Halleck, and on the 6th of April following, his opportune arrival at Shiloh saved General Grant from disastrous defeat. On June 12, 1862, he took command of the Department of the Ohio, and, upon the advance of Bragg into Kentucky, he was forced to evacuate Central Tennessee, and make a rapid retreat to Louisville, in order to save that city, and Cincinnati, which also was threatened by the Confederates. He arrived at Louisville at midnight, September 24, amid great excitement, as the inhabitants had feared that Bragg would get there first. Buell was ordered to give over his command to Thomas, September 30. but was reinstated the next day and began a pursuit of the Confederates. After a week's chase, Bragg halted to give battle at Perryville, and there the two armies fought an indecisive battle which lasted from early in the afternoon of October 8 until dark, with great loss on both sides. On the next day Bragg retired to Harrodsburg, and thence slowly to Cumberland gap. Buell's management of this command has been pronounced masterful by military authorities, but he was censured by the war department for not pursuing the Confederates swiftly enough to bring them into action again, and on October 24, 1862, was ordered to turn over his command to General Rosecrans. A military committee made a report which was never published. General Buell was mustered out of the volunteer service, May 23, 1864, and resigned his commission in the regular army June 1, 1864. After the war he became extensively engaged in the iron business in Muhlenburg county, Kentucky, and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland pension agent in Kentucky. He died near Rockport, Kentucky, November 19, 1898.
Buford, John, major-general, was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, March 4, 1826, a half brother of General Napoleon Bonaparte Buford. He served as lieutenant in the 1st dragoons in the expedition against the Sioux, in 1855; at Bluewater, Kansas, in 1856-57; in Utah in 185758, and in 1861 was promoted major and attached to the corps of the inspector-general. For a few months in 1862 he was on the staff of General Pope in the Army of Virginia, and on July 27, 1862, was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, commanding a brigade of cavalry in General Hooker's army during the North Virginia campaign. He took part in the engagement at Madison Court House, August 9, pursued General Jackson's army across the Rapidan, August 12, was present at Kelly's ford, Thoroughfare gap, and Manassas, and was wounded at the last named battle. He was chief of cavalry during the Maryland campaign, being present at South mountain, September 14, and at Antietam, September 17, acting in that battle on General McClellan's staff. In December, 1862, he commanded the reserve cavalry under Stoneman and did gallant service at Fredericksburg on the 13th of the month. He was also present at Stoneman's raid, May, 1863, and Beverly ford, June 9, 1863, and as chief of the cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac was present at all the principal engagements, including Gettysburg, where he began the attack, Wolf's hill, and Round Top, and the pursuit of the enemy to Warrenton. He played a conspicuous part at Culpeper, and in driving the Confederates across the Rapidan, when he was obliged to cut his way through the enemy to rejoin the army. He was assigned to the command of the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland, in 1863, and on July 1 of that year was Page 42 commissioned major-general of volunteers. He died in Washington, D. C, December 16, 1863.
Buford, Napoleon B., major-general, was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, January 13, 1807, graduated at West Point in 1827, then studied law at Harvard by permission of the government, and was assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point in 1834 and 1835. He resigned from the army in 1835, was for a time employed by the state of Kentucky as an engineer, then engaged in the iron business and became a banker and railroad president in Illinois. Entering the Union army in 1861 as colonel of the 27th Illinois volunteers, he was present at the engagement at Belmont, Missouri, November 7, 1861, occupied Columbus, Kentucky, in March, 1862, captured Union City by surprise after a forced march, was in command of the garrison at Island No. 10 after the capitulation of the fort, and was present at Fort Pillow in April, 1862. He was promoted brigadier-general April 15, 1862, was present at the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, at the battle of Corinth on October 3 and 4 of that year, and the siege of Vicksburg in 1863, was in command from March to September, 1863, at Cairo, Illinois, and from September, 1863, to March, 1865, at Helena, Arkansas He held a commission as major-general of volunteers from November 29, 1862, to March 4, 1863, and on March 13, 1865, was given the rank by brevet. He was mustered out of the service, August 24, 1865, and served as special United States Indian commissioner, in 1868, having been appointed in 1867 by the government to inspect the Union Pacific railroad, being employed at the latter task until 1869, when the road was completed. He died March 28, 1883.
Burbridge, Stephen G., brigadier-general, was born in Scott county, Kentucky, August 19, 1831. He acquired a classical and military education, studied law with United States Senator Garrett Davis, then engaged in business in Georgetown, D. C, after which he removed to a large plantation in Logan county, Kentucky. At the outbreak of the Civil war he recruited the 26th Kentucky regiment, was made its colonel, and at the battle of Shiloh won by gallant action promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He defended Kentucky against the invasion of General Bragg in 1862, commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 13th army corps, before Vicksburg, led the storming party at the capture of Arkansas Post, and, in acknowledgment of his bravery at this time, was permitted, by orders of General A. G. Smith, to plant the Stars and Stripes upon the Confederate fort. He was also conspicuous in the capture of Port Gibson, being among the first to enter the works. During the Atlanta campaign of 1864 he was in command of the military district of Kentucky, and drove Morgan back into Tennessee. In acknowledgment of this, and particularly for services at the battle of Cynthiana, he received the thanks of President Lincoln. He resigned from the service in 1865 and retired to his home in Kentucky. Burnham, Hiram, brigadier-general, was born in Maine, and entered the Union service at the beginning of the Civil war as colonel of the 6th Maine volunteers. He led his regiment with skill and gallantry through the Peninsular campaign, at Antietam and subsequent engagements. He distinguished himself for gallantry at the second battle of Fredericksburg and at Gettysburg, and on April 27, 1864, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He bore a conspicuous part in the campaign from the Wilderness to Petersburg. He was killed September 29, 1864, in battle at Chaffin's farm. A Page 43 few weeks prior to his death he was given command of a brigade in Stannard's division, 18th army corps.
Burns, William W., brigadier-general, was born in Coshocton, Ohio, September 3, 1825, was graduated at West Point in 1847. and joined the 3d infantry. He served throughout the war with Mexico, and, after ten years of frontier, garrison and recruiting duty, was given a staff appointment as captain and commissary of subsistence. His experience in the supply department led to his appointment for similar duties of an important nature during the Civil war. He served with the Army of the Potomac, was wounded at Savage Station, June 29, 1862, and was in the field with the Army of the Potomac up to and including the battle of Fredericksburg. He was then appointed chief commissary of the Department of the Northwest, and subsequently, during the closing years of the war, was in charge successively of commissary departments of the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, and finally of the entire south. After the war he was on duty at Washington. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865.
Burnside, Ambrose E., major-general, was born in Liberty, Indiana, May 23, 1824, fourth son of Edgehill and Pamelia (Brown) Burnside. He was descended from Robert Burnside, a Scotchman who had fled his native country after the final defeat of the "Young Pretender," whose cause he had espoused. During the Revolutionary war the Burnside family took different sides, and James Burnside, grandfather of Ambrose, remained a loyalist during the struggle. He was forced to flee to the island of Jamaica, but returned in 1786 and died in South Carolina in 1798. His widow, after freeing her slaves, emigrated to Indiana, and her third son, Edgehill, settled in Liberty, a town which was just being built. Here he married and reared a family of nine children. Ambrose, the fourth child, was sent to school until he reached the age of seventeen, obtaining a better education than was generally to be had in country schools of the time, and then, his father being too poor to give him professional training, was apprenticed to a tailor. Through conversations with soldiers who had fought in the war of 1812 he became interested in military life, and read all the books which he could obtain which related to military affairs. While engaged in reading one of these books in his shop in Liberty, so goes the tradition, one of the patrons, Caleb B. Smith, then a congressman, came into the shop, and asked the boy about his ambitions. He became interested in young Burnside and eventually succeeded in procuring for him an appointment to West Point. Upon his graduation with the class of 1847, Lieutenant Burnside was ordered to the City of Mexico, where he remained on garrison duty until the return of the army, when he served at Fort Adams, at Las Vegas, where he was wounded, and at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In 1853 he resigned his commission as 1st lieutenant of the 3d artillery to devote his attention to the manufacture of a breech-loading rifle which he had invented. The rifle, which had been submitted in competition with some eighteen others, had received the approval of a board of commissioners appointed by Congress, and Burnside expected an order from the government. Upon investigating, however, he was told that he would have to pay $5,000 to a professional lobbyist before the government would order any of his guns, and, as he refused indignantly to pay a sum for such a purpose, he was forced to make an assignment, and, with fifteen dollars in his pocket returned west to retrieve his fortunes. Eventually Page 44 he succeeded, by dint of strictest economy, in paying off all the indebtedness incurred in the disastrous venture. After his assignment he secured a position as cashier of the land department of the Illinois Central railroad, of which his former classmate, George B. McClellan, was then vice-president, and, a year later, became treasurer of the road. Just before the outbreak of the Civil war he made a business trip to New Orleans, and, learning the state of affairs in the South, arranged his affairs, upon his return to the North, so as to be ready to start at a moment's warning for the war. He was appointed in the spring of 1861. by Governor Sprague of Rhode Island, colonel of the 1st Rhode Island volunteers, and led his regiment to Washington by way of Annapolis, being one of the first to assist in the defense of the city. In the first battle of Bull Run he commanded a brigade at the beginning of the battle and succeeded to the command of General Hunter's division after that officer was wounded, winning by his services in that engagement many public testimonials and promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. General Burnside won his greatest popularity, however, by an expedition which he successfully led against North Carolina in the winter of 1861-62. Starting from Hampton Roads, January 12, 1862, the fleet arrived at Pamlico sound after a tempestuous voyage, on January 25, and on February 8, after several sharp engagements, Roanoke island was captured. This gave control of Pamlico and Albemarle sounds to the northern forces, and soon, by means of a series of brilliant maneuvers, Burnside captured New Berne, Beaufort, and Fort Macon, besides a number of less important points of vantage to the north, and on his return was hailed as the most uniformly successful of Union generals, being appointed by President Lincoln major-general of volunteers. General Burnside was next attached to the Army of the Potomac, and, with his famous oth corps, assisted General McClellan in withdrawing from the Peninsula. He next distinguished himself by dislodging the Confederates from a strong position which they held in the passes at South mountain. Lee retreated to Antietam creek, threw up entrenchments there, and waited battle. When the battle was fought, three days later, Burnside's division, which held the stone bridge across the creek in spite of fearful loss, was all that saved the Union army from complete defeat. General Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac when McClellan was retired, in November, 1862, and retained it until superseded, on January 26, 1863, by General Hooker, on account of the disastrous result of the battle of Fredericksburg, blame for which was placed on Burnside, and generously assumed by him. In this battle, which was fought against the advice of General Burnside, the Union army was forced to attack the Confederates at a great disadvantage, the latter holding a line of hills, and being strongly entrenched. Attempts to carry the place by assault failed, and the army was forced to withdraw with a loss of 12,000 men. After being relieved of his command Burnside resigned, but the president refused to accept his resignation, and placed him in command of the Department of the Ohio, where he rendered conspicuous service by ridding the country of guerrillas, enforcing stringent measures against Southern sympathizers on both sides of the river, and affording protection to loyalists. In August, 1863, he captured Cumberland gap with a force of 18,000 men, then moved on to Knoxville and held that place against siege and assault by Longstreet, against terrible odds, until relieved at the end of a month by Sherman. He was again assigned to command of his old 9th corps, Page 45 and in the closing operations of the war under Grant, in the 'Wilderness, Cold Harbor and Petersburg campaigns took a conspicuous part. The losses of his troops in the explosion of the Petersburg mine were heavy, and a court martial, called at the suggestion of General Meade, judged him "answerable for want of success." This decision was afterwards revoked, however, by a congressional commission which investigated the matter. At the close of the war General Burnside resigned his commission and retired to private life with a reputation as a patriotic, brave and able officer. He was elected governor of Rhode Island in 1866, was twice re-elected, but refused a fourth nomination and engaged again in railroad construction and management. He was in Paris at the time of the Franco-Prussian war, and acted as envoy, and, while his mission of peace was not successful, he gained the respect and admiration of both parties. He was elected to the United States senate from Rhode Island in 1875, and re-elected in 1880. He gained prominence as a senator, proving himself as capable a statesman as he had been a soldier. General Burnside died in Bristol, Rhode Island, September 3, 1881.
Bussey, Cyrus, brigadier-general, was born in Hubbard, Trumbull county, Ohio, son of a Methodist minister. Commencing business life at the age of sixteen, after two years' experience in a dry goods store at Dupont, Indiana, he studied several hours daily, and for two years studied medicine with his brother. Having removed to Iowa in 1855 he was elected to the state senate as a Democrat in 1858. was a delegate to the convention which nominated Stephen A. Douglas for president, and at the outbreak of the Civil war came out strongly in favor of the Union. He was appointed by Governor Kirkwood to command the militia in the southern part of the state with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and on August 10, 1861, became colonel of the 3d Iowa volunteer cavalry, which he had raised, and joined the Army of the Southwest. He commanded a brigade in the battle of Pea ridge, participated in the Arkansas campaign of 1862, leading the 3d brigade of Steele's division on July 10, commanded the district of eastern Arkansas from January 11, 1863, until the following April, and then took charge of the 2nd cavalry division of the Army of the Tennessee. He led the advance, under General Sherman, at the siege of Vicksburg and in the pursuit of Johnston, overtaking and defeating the Confederate general at Canton, Mississippi, and forcing him finally to retreat across Pearl river. He was made brigadier-general, for "special gallantry," January 5, 1864, and shortly afterwards was given command of the district of Western Arkansas and the Indian Territory, where he soon broke up corruption and restored proper discipline. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, and, after the war, resumed his business as a commission merchant, first in St. Louis and then at New Orleans, where he was president of the chamber of commerce for six years, and was instrumental in securing an appropriation for the Eads jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1868, was an active supporter of Blaine for president in 1884, and in 1889 was appointed assistant secretary of the interior. General Bussey served in the interior department until 1893, and then opened in Washington an office for the carrying on of a general practice of law before the district courts, the departments and congressional committees, in which he has been successful.
Busteed, Richard, brigadier-general, was born in Cavan, Ireland, Page 46 February 16, 1822, son of George Washington Busteed, emancipationist, colonel in the British army, and afterwards barrister in Dublin, who moved to London, Canada, where he published a paper called the "True Patriot." Richard Busteed worked as a boy as compositor for his father, afterwards following this vocation in Cincinnati, Ohio, Hartford, Connecticut, and New York city, where he also engaged in preaching for a while by license of the Methodist church. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, was corporation counsel of New York city from 1856 to 1859, and supported Douglas for president in 1860. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and served at Yorktown, but handed in his resignation, March 10, 1863, fearing that his sentiments on the slavery question would prevent the appointment being confirmed by the senate. He was appointed United States district judge for Alabama in 1864, making decisions while in that office which were afterwards confirmed by the supreme court, and in 1874 resigned to resume his law practice in New York. He died in New York city, September 14, 1898.
Butler, Benjamin F., major-general, was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, November 5, 1818, was graduated from Watertown college, in 1838, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and soon gained a reputation as an astute criminal lawyer. He was elected to the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1853, and to the state senate in 1859, and was a delegate to the Democratic national convention which met at Charleston in 1860, withdrawing, however, before the close of the convention, with the other delegates who later met at Baltimore and nominated Breckinridge and Lane. As brigadier-general of militia in Massachusetts he was assigned, in the spring of 1861, to command of the district of Annapolis, and on May 13, 1861, occupied Baltimore with 9oo men without opposition, and was appointed major-general May 16. He captured Forts Hatteras and Clark in North Carolina in August, then returned to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi, and on May 1, Admiral Farragut's fleet having virtually captured the city, he took possession of New Orleans. He at once put in effect a stringent military government, armed the free negroes, compelled rich secessionists to contribute to the support of the poor of the city, and instituted strict sanitary regulations. For his course in hanging William Mulford, who had pulled down the Stars and Stripes from the mint, and for the issue of an obnoxious order intended to prevent soldiers being insulted by women. he aroused much strong opposition sentiment, not only in the South, but in the North and abroad, and Jefferson Davis declared him an outlaw and put a price upon his head. On May 1, 1862, General Butler seized $80o,000, which he claimed had been entrusted to the Dutch consul to be used in purchasing supplies of war, and by this act aroused the protest of every European country, so that the government at Washington, after investigation, ordered the return of the money. He was recalled December 16, 1862, and near the close of 1863 was placed in command of the department of Virginia and North Carolina, afterwards known as the James. He was recalled to New York city in October, 1864, because election riots were feared there, and in December conducted an expedition against Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina, which failed, as had a previous attempt on his part to operate in conjunction with General Grant against Lee, and soon afterwards he was removed from his command by order of General Grant. Returning to Massachusetts, he was elected by the Republicans, to Congress, where he remained, Page 47 with the exception of one term, until 1879, being most active in the impeachment of President Johnson. He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1871, failed again as a candidate of the Greenback party and one wing of the Democrats in 1878 and 1879, but in 1882 the Democrats having united upon him as their candidate, he was elected. During his administration he made charges which were not sustained against the administration of the Tewksbury almshouse. He was re-nominated governor in 1883 but was defeated, and in 1884 was the candidate of the Greenback and Anti-Monopolist parties for president. He died in Washington, D. C, January 11, 1893.
Butterfield, Daniel, major-general, was born in Utica, New York, October 31, 1831, was graduated from Union college in 1849, and became a merchant in New York city. He was colonel of the 12th New York militia when the Civil war began, and, accompanying his regiment to New York city in July, 1861, led the advance into Virginia over the Long Bridge, joined General Patterson on the upper Potomac and commanded a brigade. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel when the regular army was enlarged, assigned to the 12th infantry, May 14, 1861, and appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, September 7, 1861, being ordered to the corps of Fitz-John Porter. He took a conspicuous part in the actions at Hanover Court-House, Mechanicsville, Gaines' mill, where he was wounded, in the battles incidental to the retreat of McClellan's army to Harrison's landing, where he commanded a detachment on the south side of the river, covering the retreat, at all the battles fought by Pope and McClellan in August and September, 1862. He was promoted major-general of volunteers, November 29, 1862, was made colonel of the 5th infantry in the regular army, July 1, 1863, and commanded the 5th corps m the battle of Fredericksburg; was chief of staff, Army of the Potomac, at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg where he was wounded; was ordered to reinforce Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland in October, 1863, acting as chief of staff to General Hooker at Lookout mountain, Missionary ridge, Ringgold and Pea Vine creek, Georgia; commanded a division of the 20th corps at the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kennesaw, and Lost mountain. and was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious conduct, receiving his brevet titles at the close of the war. After the war he had charge of the general recruiting office, U. S. army, with headquarters in New York, was commander of the forces at Bedloe's, Governor's and David's islands in New York harbor from 1865 to 1869, and was then appointed head of the United States sub-treasury in New York city. Resigning that office, he traveled in Europe for several years, and was afterwards connected with the American express company. He was the originator of the system of corps badges, flags and insignia adopted in the Army of the Potomac. He was in charge of the great public demonstrations on the occasions of Sherman's funeral, the Washington Centennial celebration in New York city, May 1, 1889, and the arrival of Admiral Dewey in New York, September 30, 1899. after his triumph at Manila.
Cadwalader, George C., major-general, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1804, son of General Thomas Cadwalader. He passed his boyhood in Philadelphia and received his education there. When the war with Mexico began he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and was present at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, being brevetted major-general for gallantry Page 48 in the latter engagement. At the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed by Governor Curtin major-general of state volunteers, and in May, 1861, was placed in command of the city of Baltimore, then in a state of semi-revolt. In the following month he accompanied General Patterson as second in command in the expedition against Winchester, and on April 25, 1862, he was commissioned major-general of volunteers. In December of that year he was appointed one of a board to revise the military laws and regulations of the United States, and on July 25, 1865, he resigned. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 3, 1879.
Caldwell, John C, brigadier-general, was born in Lowell, Vermont, April 17, 1833, and was graduated at Amherst college in 1855. In October, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 11th Maine volunteers; was made brigadier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862, and brevetted major-general August 19, 1865. General Caldwell was in every action of the Army of the Potomac from its organization until Grant took command, and in the last year of the war was president of the advisory board of the war department. After the war he served a term in the Maine senate, was adjutant-general from 1867 to 1869, became, in 1869, by appointment from President Grant, consul to Valparaiso, Chili, and in 1874 was appointed United States minister to Montevideo, Uruguay. Returning to the United States in 1882, he subsequently removed to Kansas, and in 1885 was appointed president of the board of pardons of that state.
Cameron, Robert A., brigadier-general, was born in Brooklyn. New York, February 22, 1828. He was graduated at the Indiana medical college in 1850, studied for a while at the Rush medical college in Chicago, and then practiced his profession until 1861 at Valparaiso, Indiana He also published the Valparaiso "Republican," and was a member of the Indiana legislature for one term. At the outbreak of the Civil war, in 1861, he entered the national service as captain in the 9th Indiana volunteers, became lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Indiana infantry the same year, and in 1862 was made colonel of the 34th, taking part in the engagements at Philippi, Carrick's ford, Island No. 10, New Madrid, Port Gibson, Memphis and Vicksburg. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, August 11, 1863, and in Banks' Red River expedition of 1864 commanded the 13th army corps after General Ransom was wounded. Then, until the close of the war, he commanded the district of La Fourche, Louisiana, and on March 13, 1865, he was made brevet major-general of volunteers. After the war he became actively engaged in founding colonies in the west—Greeley, Manitou and Colorado Springs being among those founded by him. He was appointed warden of the Colorado penitentiary in 1885, and in 1888 became commissioner of immigration of the Denver, Texas & Fort Worth railroad. He died in Carson City, Colonel, March 15, 1894.
Campbell, Charles T., brigadier-general, was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, August 10, 1823. At the outbreak of the Mexican war he entered the army as 2nd lieutenant in the 8th U. S. infantry, was promoted to the rank of captain, August 14, 1847, and was honorably discharged a year later. He was elected a member of the lower house of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1852. In August, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania artillery, was made colonel the next month, and was later transferred to the 57th infantry. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers November 29, 1862. General Campbell's fame as a soldier is based chiefly upon his gallantry at the battle of Fair Oaks, where, after having Page 48 his horse shot under him, he received two severe wounds and was taken prisoner with his regiment. He escaped by turning upon his captors and brought two hundred of them back to the Federal lines as prisoners. His wounds prevented any further active service, and on March 13, 1863, having been reappointed brigadier-general of volunteers his first commission expiring March 4, 1863, he was transferred to Dakota. General Campbell died April 15, 1895.
Campbell, William B., brigadier-general, was born in Sumner county, Tennessee, August 19, 1807. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee, practicing in Carthage, was chosen district attorney for the fourth district in 1831, and became a member of the legislature in 1835. He raised a cavalry company, of which he became captain, and served in the Creek and Florida wars in 1836, and was from 1837 to 1843 a Whig member of Congress from Tennessee. He was elected major-general of militia in 1844, and served in the Mexican war as "colonel of the 1st Tennessee volunteers, distinguishing himself at Monterey and Cerro Gordo, and commanding a brigade after General Pillow was wounded. He was governor of Tennessee from 1851 to 1853, was chosen judge of the state circuit court in 1857, and on June 30, 1862, President Lincoln appointed him, without solicitation, brigadier-general of volunteers. He served until January 23, 1863, when he resigned on account of failing health. He was elected to Congress in 1864, but was not allowed to take his seat until the end of the first year of his term. General Campbell died in Lebanon, Tennessee, August 19, 1867.
Canby, Edward R. S., major-general, was born in Kentucky in 1817, received his early education there, and in 1839 was graduated at West Point, being commissioned 2nd lieutenant, 2nd infantry. He served as quartermaster in the Florida war, assisted in escorting the Indians who emigrated to their new lands in Arkansas, and then served on garrison and recruiting duty until the outbreak of the Mexican war. Entering the war with the rank of 1st lieutenant, he participated in the siege of Vera Cruz, in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and upon the assault upon the Belen gate of the City of Mexico, being rewarded for his services with the brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel. After the close of the war be was employed in adjutant duty and on the frontier, and was from 1858 to 1860 in command of Fort Bridger, Utah. At the opening of the Civil war he was in command of Fort Defiance, New Mexico, and at once become a most zealous and ardent supporter of the Union. He became colonel of the 19th regiment, U. S. infantry, May, 1861, and, acting as brigadier-general of the forces in New Mexico, he repelled the Confederate General Sibley, forcing him to retreat, "leaving behind him," as he observed in his report, "in dead and wounded, in sick and prisoners, one-half of his original force." He was promoted brigadier-general in March, 1862, was transferred to Washington, and had "command of the United States troops during the draft riots in New York in July, 1863. At the opening of the campaign of 1864, General Canby was given command of the military division of west Mississippi, and, while on a tour of inspection on White river, Arkansas, November 4, 1864, was severely wounded by Confederate guerrillas. In the following spring he led an army of thirty thousand men against Mobile, and captured the city April 12, 1865. On learning that Lee had surrendered in Virginia, General Richard Taylor, who commanded west of the Mississippi, surrendered to General Canby, thus ending the war in the southwest. General Canby was given the brevet Page 50 ranks of brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865, and continued to command the Department of the South until 1866, when he was given the full rank of brigadier-general in the regular army, and transferred to Washington. He had charge of the military district with headquarters at Richmond, after the surrender, and organized General Lee's disbanded cavalrymen for suppression of bushwhacking, with complete success. Subsequently, from 1869 to 1873, he commanded the Department of the Columbia, and lost his life while trying to arrange peace with the Modoc Indians. He met Captain Jack, the leader of the Modocs, on neutral ground for the purpose of discussing peace terms, on the morning of April 11, 1873, in Siskiyou county, California, and, at a signal planned before hand, the Indians attacked him and two fellow officers, killing all three. Captain Jack and two subordinates were afterwards captured and hanged for murder. General Canby bore a reputation for honesty, gallantry and unselfishness which few officers have enjoyed. He was popular among almost all classes and was universally respected among his fellow-officers. Carleton, James H., brigadier-general, was born in Maine in 1818. He took part in the "Aroostook war" which resulted from a dispute as to the location of the northeastern boundary of the United States, and in February, 1839, after the conclusion of that dispute, was commissioned 2nd lieutenant of the 1st U. S. dragoons. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1845 and was assigned to commissary duty in Kearny's expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1846. During the Mexican war he served on General Wood's staff, was promoted captain in February, 1847, and in the same month was brevetted major for gallantry at Buena Vista. After the war he was engaged until the outbreak of the Civil war in exploring and in expeditions against hostile Indians, and, on September 7, 1861, he was commissioned major and ordered to California in command of the 6th cavalry. In 1862 he raised and organized the "California column," and conducted it across the deserts to Mesilla on the Rio Grande. He was made commander of the department of New Mexico, succeeding General Canby, and served in this capacity throughout the remainder of the war. On March 13, 1865, he was raised through the ranks by brevet to brigadier-general in the regular army for his services in New Mexico, and brevetted major-general U. S. A. for his conduct during the war. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, July 31, 1866, and, subsequently, was promoted to colonel of the 2nd cavalry and ordered to Texas, He died in San Antonio, Texas, January 7, 1873.
Carlin, William P., brigadier-general, was born in Rich Woods, Greene county, Illinois, November 24, 1829, and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1850, with the brevet rank of 2nd lieutenant. After serving in garrison duty at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, he became 1st lieutenant in the 6th infantry, March 3, 1855, and took part in General Harney's expedition against the Sioux in that year. He commanded a company in the expedition against the Cheyennes the following year, spent the years from 1858 to 1860 in California, and on March 2, 1861, was promoted captain. He entered the volunteer service in August of that year as colonel of the 38th Illinois volunteers, and was present at the defeat of General Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Missouri, October 21, 1861, after which he commanded the district of southeastern Missouri. He won promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers for gallant action at Perryville, in October, 1862, took part in the Tullahoma campaign and the battles Page 51 of Chickamauga, Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for distinguished service at Chattanooga, and in February, 1864, as major of the 16th U. S. infantry, was engaged in the Georgia campaign and the surrender of Atlanta. He won the brevet of colonel, U. S. A., at Jonesboro, Georgia, September 1, 1864, and for faithful and efficient service during the war, he was made, on March 13, 1865, brevet major-general of volunteers, and brevet brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A. After .the war he was engaged in frontier duty during the Indian troubles, was made colonel of the 4th infantry, in 1882, and was retired in 1893.
Carr, Eugene A., brigadier-general, was born in Erie county, New York, March 20, 1830, was graduated at West Point in 1850, and then engaged in Indian fighting and garrison duty until 1861, being promoted in the meantime to captain. During the Civil war he served with distinction at most of the principal battles, being promoted and given brevet ranks until he reached the rank of brevet major-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865. He engaged at Dug springs, Wilson's creek, where he won the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry, was acting brigadier-general in Fremont's hundred days' campaign, served under Hunter, Halleck and Curtis, and was assigned, February. 1862, to the command of the 4th division of the Army of the Southwest, participating in the pursuit of the enemy into Arkansas, and holding the rank of brigadier-general which he had received March 7, 1862. At Pea ridge, although thrice wounded, he held his position for seven hours, contributing in large measure to the success of the day and winning for himself a medal of honor. The rest of his army record in the Civil war was no less illustrious than that already described, and he came out of the contest with many testimonials to his gallantry and faithful attention to duty. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 4th cavalry, in 1873, transferred to the 5th cavalry later, and promoted to colonel of the 6th cavalry in 1879. He was actively engaged in many of the Indian wars of the southwest, proving himself always a gallant and efficient soldier. In July, 1892, he was commissioned brigadier-general U. S. A., and was retired February 15, 1893.
Carr, Joseph B., brigadier-general, was born in Albany, New York, August 16, 1828. He was educated in the public schools, apprenticed to a tobacconist, entered the militia in 1849, and rose to be colonel. In May, 1861, he went to the front as colonel of the 2nd New York volunteers, his regiment being the first to encamp in Virginia, and he commanded the 2nd at Big Bethel, Newmarket bridge, the Orchards, Fair Oaks and Glendale. He commanded the 2nd New Jersey brigade at Malvern hill, distinguishing himself at that battle, and on September 7, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general for "gallant and meritorious services in the field." He subsequently served with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Bristoe station, 2nd Bull Run, Chantilly, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights and Robinson's tavern. He served in front of Petersburg in command of the 1st division, 18th corps, and supported General Burnside in the mine fight with this force and the 3d division of the 10th corps (colored). He was given command of the James river defenses with headquarters at Wilson's landing, June 1, 1864, was transferred to City Point on May 20, 1865, and on June 1, 1865, was given the brevet commission of major-general of volunteers, to date from March 13, "for gallant and meritorious services during the war." Being mustered out of the service in October, 1865, he was appointed by Governor Fenton, major-general, New York Page 52 state militia, and commanded the forces that quelled the railroad riots of 1877. He was placed on the retired list in 1887. General Carr was elected secretary of state for New York in 1879, and served three terms, and was candidate for governor in 1885. He died at Troy, New York, February 24, 1895.
Carrington, Henry B., brigadier-general, was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, March 2, 1824, was graduated at Yale in 1845, spent several years in teaching, and was, in 1848, admitted to the bar, beginning practice in that year in Columbus, Ohio. He was an active anti-slavery Whig, and in 1854 helped in the organization of the Republican party. He was appointed judge-advocate-general by Governor Chase in 1857, and aided in the organization of the state militia, was afterwards appointed inspector-general, and was adjutant-general of Ohio when the war began. As adjutant-general he placed ten regiments of Ohio infantry in West Virginia before volunteers could be mustered, and organized the first twenty-six Ohio regiments. He received an appointment as colonel in the regular army, May 14, 1861, commanded the camp of instruction at Fort Thomas, Ohio, commanded a brigade at Lebanon, Kentucky, served as chief muster officer in Indiana in 1862, mustering 100,000 troops, and on the occasion of Morgan's raid into Indiana, having been made a brigadier-general of volunteers November 29, 1862, he commanded the militia of that state, aided in raising the siege of Frankfort, Kentucky, and afterward gave publicity to the charges against the "Sons of Liberty." He was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1865, was president of a military commission to try guerrillas in November, and in 1866 was given command of Fort Kearny, Nebraska He opened a road to Montana, in May, 1866, in spite of interference by hostile Sioux, conducted the military operations in Kentucky until the close of 1869, and in 1870 was retired. He was then, until 1873, professor at Wabash college, and after that devoted his attention to literary work.
Carroll, Samuel S., brigadier-general, was born in Washington, D. C, September 21, 1832, and was graduated at West Point in 1856. Beginning his military service in the 10th infantry, he was promoted captain, November 1, 1861, became colonel of the 8th Ohio volunteers, December 15, 1861, and served in the operations in western Virginia from December, 1861, to May, 1862. From May 24, 1862, until August 14 of that year he commanded a brigade in General Shields' division, was engaged in the northern Virginia campaign, in the battle of Cedar mountain, and was wounded in a skirmish on the Rapidan, August 14, 1862. He commanded a brigade at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, receiving the brevet rank of major for his services at Chancellorsville. and being brevetted lieutenant-colonel for services at Gettysburg. He won the brevet of colonel in the battle of the Wilderness, and in the engagements near Spottsylvania was twice wounded and disabled for further active service during the war. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, May 12, 1864, and on March 13, 1865, was given the brevet ranks of brigadier-general and major-general U. S. A. for gallantry at Spottsylvania and services during the war, respectively. General Carroll was mustered out of the volunteer service, January 15, 1866, was from June, 1866, to April, 1867, on recruiting service, and in 1868 was acting inspector-general of the division of the Atlantic. He was retired as brevet major-general, June 9, 1869, "for disability from wounds received in battle." He died in Washington, D. C, January 28, 1893. Page 53
Carter, Samuel P., brigadier-general, was born in Elizabethtown, Carter county, Tennessee, August 6, 1819. He studied at Princeton college, but never graduated, leaving college in 1840 to accept an appointment as midshipman in the U. S. navy. He was promoted to passed midshipman in 1846, assigned to duty on the "Ohio" and served on the eastern coast of Mexico during the Mexican war, being present at the capture of Vera Cruz. He was attached to the U. S. naval observatory in Washington in 1847 and 1848, was assistant instructor at the U. S. naval academy in 1851-53. was promoted master in 1854 and lieutenant in 1855, and from 1855 to 1857 was attached to the "San Jacinto" of the Asiatic squadron, participating in the capture of the Barrier forts in the Canton river. Returning to America, he was for two years assistant instructor at West Point, and on July 11, 1861, was ordered to the special duty of organizing troops from east Tennessee. He was commissioned brigadier-general, May 1, 1862, was provost-marshal of east Tennessee during 1863 and 1864, was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, and mustered out in January, 1866. He distinguished himself during the war for gallantry at Wild Cat, Kentucky, Mill Springs, and in the capture of Cumberland gap. In December, 1862, he commanded a cavalry expedition which cut the east Tennessee railroad, destroying nearly 10o miles of track, and doing other damage. He commanded the left wing of the army at Kinston, North Carolina, March 10, 1865, and defeated the Confederates at Goldsboro. At the close of the war he returned to naval duty, was promoted captain and commodore, was retired August 6, 1881, and promoted rear-admiral on the retired list, May 16, 1882. He was commandant at the U. S. naval academy during 1869-72, and was a member of the light-house board from 1867 to 1880. He died in Washington, D. C, May 26, 1891.
Casey, Silas, major-general, was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, July 12, 1807, was graduated in the U. S. military academy at West Point in 1826, and then, until the outbreak of the Civil war, served on frontier and garrison duty, and in the battles of the Florida and Mexican wars. Entering the Civil war with the rank of colonel in the regular army and brigadier-general of volunteers, he was assigned a division in General Keyes' corps of the Army of the Potomac, and, occupying with it the extreme advance before Richmond, received the first attack of the enemy at Fair Oaks, so distinguishing himself as to win promotion to brevet brigadier-general U. S. A., and major-general of volunteers. He was from 1863 to 1865 president of the board for examining candidates for officers of colored troops, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general in the regular army. He was mustered out of the volunteer service August 24, 1865, and later in that year was given command of troops at Fort Wayne, Detroit, Michigan He was retired from the active service, July 8, 1868, on his own request, after forty consecutive years of service, arid died in Brooklyn, New York, January 22, 1882.
Catterson. Robert F., brigadier-general, was born in Indiana and entered the United States service at the beginning of the Civil war, from that state. He served throughout the war, winning promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers and was honorably mustered out January 15. 1866. General Catterson became 1st sergeant in the 14th Indiana infantry, June 7, 1861; 2nd lieutenant, July 5, 1861; and was then promoted from one rank to another, until, on May 31, 1865, he became brigadier-general of volunteers.
Chamberlain, Joshua L. (See page 17, Vol. I.)
Chambers, Alexander, brigadier-general, was born in New York in 1832, was graduated at West Point in 1853, served on garrison and other duty until 1855, and then took part in the Florida war against the Seminoles, and was promoted first lieutenant in 1859. He became captain in the 18th infantry, May 14, 1861, colonel of the 16th Iowa volunteers, March 24, 1862, and on August 11, 1863, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, his commission expiring April 6, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for gallant services in the battle of Champion's hill, February 4, 1864, and Meridian, Mississippi, February 14, 1864. General Chambers engaged in the Tennessee campaign, March 12, 1862, was twice wounded in the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and once at the battle of Iuka, September 19, 1862, and for gallant conduct on these occasions was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel. He then served in the Vicksburg campaign, winning the brevet rank of colonel for gallantry, July 4, 1863. He was afterwards, until February 1, 1864, in garrison at Vicksburg, and then served in Sherman's raid to Meridian, and commanded a battalion at Lookout mountain. After the war, General Chambers was judge-advocate of the district of Nebraska in the early part of 1866, and of the Department of the Platte until July 31, 1867, was then promoted major and lieutenant-colonel U. S. A. and served on garrison and frontier duty, and from July, 1877, to September, 1878, was military attaché at Constantinople, Turkey. Subsequently he was stationed at Fort Townsend, Washington He died in San Antonio, Texas, January 2, 1888.
Champlin, Stephen G., brigadier-general, was born in Kingston, New York, July 1, 1827, was educated in the common schools and at Rhinebeck academy, New York, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of New York at Albany in 1850. He removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1853, became judge of the recorder's court and prosecuting attorney there, and in 1861 entered the Union service as major in the 3d Michigan infantry. He became its colonel in October, 1861, and fought at Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Groveton and Antietam. At Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862, he received a severe wound which prevented him seeing active service upon receiving promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers November 29, 1862, and he was placed on detached duty in command of the recruiting station at Grand Rapids. He died there, in the service, as the result of his wound, January 24, 1864.
Chapin, Edward P., brigadier-general, was born in New York, about 1831, and entered the Union army from that state in 1861, being made captain in the 44th New York volunteer infantry, September 6, 1861. He was promoted major, January 2, 1862, and lieutenant-colonel July 4, 1862, resigning on that day, to organize a new regiment. In the fall of 1862, this regiment, the 116th New York volunteers, was mustered in, and General Chapin became colonel, September 5, 1862. He then went with his regiment through a number of engagements, and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers May 27, 1863. He was killed the same day, while fighting heroically at Port Hudson, Louisiana
Chapman, George H., brigadier-general, was born in Massachusetts, and at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war was employed in the office of the clerk of the lower house of Congress, m Washington. He was appointed major in the 3d Indiana cavalry, November 2, 1861, and served with distinction throughout the war. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, October 25, 1862, colonel, March 12, Page 55 1863, and brigadier-general, July 31, 1864. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers March 13, 1865, and resigned from the army, January 7, 1866. General Chapman distinguished himself for gallantry on numerous occasions during the war, his brevet of major-general being awarded for meritorious conduct at the battle of Winchester. He died June 17, 1882.
Chetlain, Augustus L., brigadier-general, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, December 26, 1824. His parents moving to Galena, Illinois, he obtained a common school education there, and, at a meeting called in response to President Lincoln's appeal for troops, was the first man to enlist. He was elected captain of a company which afterwards became part of the 12th Illinois regiment, of which he was commissioned, April 26, 1862, lieutenant-colonel. He was in command from September, 1861, to January, 1862, at Smithland, Kentucky, then joined his regiment and led it in the Tennessee campaign. He participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, was promoted colonel, and led his regiment at Shiloh and at the siege of Corinth. After the battle of Corinth, in which he distinguished himself, lie was left by General Rosecrans in command of the city, and while in this service recruited the first colored regiment enlisted in the west. He was relieved in May, 1863, was promoted brigadier-general in December of that year and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee and afterwards Kentucky. He was successful in raising a force of 17,000 men, receiving for this work special commendation from General Thomas. He was in command of the post of Memphis from January to October, 1865, was then given command of the district of Talladega, Alabama, and on February 5, 1866, was mustered out of the service. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, June 17, 1865. After the war General Chetlain served as collector of internal revenue for Utah and Wyoming, and as U. S. consul-general to Brussels, and then became a banker in Chicago. In 1901 he organized and became president of the Industrial bank of Chicago.
Chrysler, Morgan H., brigadier-general, was born in New York and entered the Union service from that state, becoming captain in the 30th New York infantry, June 1, 1861. He served with distinction throughout the war, winning frequent promotions for meritorious services, and on March 13, 1865, was awarded the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers. He was promoted to major, March 11, 1862; lieutenant-colonel, August 30, 1862, and was then, June 18, 1863, honorably mustered out. Returning to New York, he became lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd New York veteran cavalry, September 8, 1863; was promoted colonel, December 13 of that year, and on November 11, 1865, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of the service, January 15, 1866, and died August 24, 1890.
Clark, William T., brigadier-general, was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, June 29, 1831. Entering the Civil war at its outbreak in 1861, as a private, he was promoted through the grades to the rank of brevet major-general of volunteers, which was conferred on him November 24, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services. General Clark enlisted from Iowa, became 1st lieutenant and adjutant in the 13th Iowa infantry, November 2, 1861; was promoted captain and assistant adjutant-general, March 6, 1862; major, November 24, 1862; lieutenant-colonel, February 10, 1863; and brigadier-general of volunteers, May 31, 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers July 22, 1864, for distinguished service at the battle of Atlanta. General Clark was chief Page 56 of staff and adjutant-general of the Army of the Tennessee until the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and afterwards commanded a brigade and a division. Being honorably mustered out of the service, February 1, 1866, he engaged in business in Galveston, Texas, and was a member of Congress from the Galveston district from 1869 to 1873. While in Congress he secured the first appropriation of $100,000 for the Galveston harbor, which resulted in the completion of the jetties, making Galveston one of the most important ports in the United States. At this writing (1903) General Clarke is the last surviving adjutant and chief of staff of Grant's old Army of the Tennessee.
Clay, Cassius M., major-general, was born in Madison county, Kentucky, October 19, 1810. He attended Centre college, Kentucky, and Transylvania university, and was graduated from Yale in 1832. General Clay's career was that of an abolitionist and diplomatist rather than a soldier, though the part he took in war was most creditable to him. Entering the Mexican war as captain of a volunteer company which had already as an organization distinguished itself at Tippecanoe in 1811, he was taken prisoner, in 1847, with several others, while more than 100 miles in advance of the main army, and saved the lives of the party by gallantry and presence of mind. He was appointed by President Lincoln, March 28, 1861, minister to Russia, and was preparing to leave when the national capital was threatened. He enlisted volunteers and organized Clay's battalion, which he commanded until troops from the North arrived, and then left for St. Petersburg, where his influence did much to make the Czar favorable to the Union. Resigning in June, 1862, he accepted a position as major-general of volunteers, which he held until the following March, when he resigned to become again minister to Russia. General Clay was for years a picturesque figure in national politics. Before the war he was an ardent abolitionist, and published, in spite of mob violence, and threats upon his life, a paper called "The True American" which he circulated in Kentucky. He was an important figure in almost every national election until after the defeat of Blaine, in 1884, when he retired to a quiet life at his home, "Whitehall," Kentucky, where he lived to an extreme old age.
Clayton, Powell, brigadier-general, was born in Bethel, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, August 7, 1833. He studied civil engineering at Bristol, Pennsylvania, moved to Leavenworth, Kansas, and was elected civil engineer of that city in 1857. When the Civil war broke out he enlisted a company, of which he became captain, and entered the Union army as captain in the 1st Kansas infantry. May 29, 1861. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Kansas cavalry, February 27, 1862, and was promoted colonel, March 30, 1862. On May 6, 1863, he commanded a successful expedition from Helena, Arkansas, to the White river, to break up a band of guerrillas and destroy Confederate stores, and afterwards one from Pine Bluff, which, in March, 1864, inflicted severe loss on the enemy. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, August 1, 1864, and was honorably mustered out of the service, August 24, 1865. After the war he settled in Arkansas as a planter, was elected governor and inaugurated in June, 1868, and was, in 1871, elected United States senator. At the expiration of his term he moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, and later to Eureka Springs, where he became president of the Eureka Springs railway, which he had built, and manager of the Eureka Improvement company, besides holding various public offices. He was appointed, in 1897, by President McKinley, minister to Mexico, Page 57 a position which he retained until 1905. General Clayton has always taken an active interest in politics, and was a member of every Republican national convention from 1872 to 1896.
Cluseret, Gustave P., brigadier-general, was born in Paris, France, June 13, 1823, and entered the service of the United States, after a career of varying fortunes in European armies, in 1862. He was appointed aide-de-camp to General McClellan with the rank of colonel, January, 1862, joined Fremont's army of West Virginia later, and for gallantry at the battle of Cross Keys was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers October 14, 1862. In this battle he commanded the right wing, and, in spite of Fremont's repeated orders to retreat, made nine consecutive attacks upon "Stonewall" Jackson, fighting fifteen hours without eating. The ninth attack was successful, and the Union forces were saved from defeat. After some further service in the Shenandoah, he resigned from the army, and in 1864 edited the "New Nation," denouncing President Lincoln and advocating the candidacy of John C Fremont for the presidency. In 1867 he returned to Europe, where his career was as tempestuous as it had been before his coming to the United States. After having been exiled from France and condemned to death by both the French and British governments, he returned to France and was, in 1888, elected member of the French chamber of deputies. He was re-elected in 1889, in 1893 and 1898. He died August 23, 1900.
Cochrane, John, brigadier-general, was born in Palatine, Montgomery county, New York, August 27, 1813, being a direct descendant, on both sides, of Revolutionary war heroes. He was graduated at Hamilton college, in 1831, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Oswego, Schenectady and New York city, and in 1853 was appointed by President Pierce surveyor of the Port of New York. He was a representative in Congress from 1857 to 1861, was appointed by President Buchanan a member of a board of visitors to West Point, and on June 11, 1861, was commissioned by Secretary Cameron to recruit and command a regiment of volunteers to serve during the war. On November 21, he was made colonel of the 1st U. S. chasseurs, with rank from June 19, and on July 19, 1862, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in General Couch's division of_ the Army of the Potomac in the battles of Fair Oaks, Malvern hill, Antietam, Williamsport and Fredericksburg, and on February 25, 1863, resigned on account of physical disability. In 1864 he was nominated by the Independent Republican national convention for vice-president of the United States, with General John C Fremont for president. After the war he held for many years an important position in New York politics, being one of the leaders of Tammany Hall, and had charge of many celebrations of national importance. He was an orator of note, and, in a speech made November 4, 1861, was the first to advocate arming the slaves. General Cochrane died in New York city, February 7, 1898.
Connor, Patrick E., brigadier-general, was born in the south of Ireland, March 17, 1820, came to the United States when a boy and was educated in New York city. In 1839 he enlisted in the regular army, serving through the Seminole war, and, upon being discharged in 1844, entered upon commercial pursuits in New York city, but moved to Texas_ in 1846. At the outbreak of the Mexican war he became captain of Texas volunteers in the regiment of Albert Sidney Johnston, and fought at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Buena Vista, where he was severely wounded. Shortly Page 58 after the close of the war he emigrated to California, where he engaged in business, and at the beginning of the Civil war he raised a regiment of California volunteers, and was ordered to Utah to keep the Mormons in check and protect the overland routes from the raids of Indians. With a force of 20o men he marched 140 miles in four days through deep snow and in the dead of winter, and, attacking a band of 300 Indians in a stronghold, killed the whole band. He commanded the Utah district during the war, effectively establishing the authority of government. He was commissioned brigadier-general, March 30, 1863, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers for efficient and meritorious services. Declining a commission as colonel in the regular army, he was mustered out of the service in 1866. and became the leader in building up a gentile community in Utah. He founded the first daily paper published in the state, located the first silver mine, and did much to advance the interests of the territory. He died in Salt Lake city, Utah, December 17, 1891.
Connor, Seldon, brigadier-general, was born in Fairfield, Maine, January 25, 1839. He was graduated at Tufts college, Massachusetts, studied law, and when the war broke out enlisted for three months in the 1st regiment of Vermont volunteers. At the end of this period of service he became major, and soon afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Maine regiment, which he commanded in the Peninsular campaign from the beginning of the Seven Days' battles. For a short time after the battle of Antietam he commanded the 77th New York volunteers. In January, 1864, he was made colonel of the 19th Maine infantry, and commanded the brigade as ranking officer. In the battle of the Wilderness, on May 6, 1864, his thigh was shattered by a bullet, and, although commissioned brigadier-general in June, 1864, was incapacitated for further service. He was made a member of the staff of Governor Chamberlain in 1867, was appointed assessor of internal revenue in 1868, and in 1874 was appointed by President Grant collector for the Augusta district. He was elected governor of Maine in 1875, and served two terms. He was pension agent under President Arthur from 1882 to 1885, and in 1897 was appointed to the same position by President McKinley.
Cook, John, brigadier-general, was born at Belleville, Illinois, June 12, 1825. He was educated at Jacksonville college and began life in the dry-goods business at St. Louis, Missouri Later he removed to Springfield, Illinois, engaged in the real estate business there, was elected mayor of the city in 1855, sheriff of Sangamon county a year later, and at the beginning of the Civil war was quartermaster-general of the state of Illinois. He commanded the first regiment raised in Illinois in defense of the Union, and served through the war, commanding a brigade at Fort Donelson. He was at first colonel of the 7th Illinois infantry, being appointed to that position on April 25, 1861, and was honorably mustered out of the three months' service on July 24, following. Upon the reorganization of the regiment for the three years' service, on July 25, he again became its colonel, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on March 21, 1862. and for faithful and meritorious service he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, August 24, 1865. He was honorably mustered out of the service on August 24, 1865, returned to Springfield, Illinois, and there continued to reside.
Cooke, Philip St. G., brigadier-general, was born in Leesburg, Virginia, June 13, 1809, was graduated at West Point in 1827, and assigned to the 6th infantry. He took a prominent part in the Black Page 59 Hawk war, and was adjutant in his regiment at the battle of Bad Axe river, in 1832. He commanded a Missouri volunteer battalion from 1846 to 1847 during the Mexican war, being located in California, and later commanded a regiment in the city of Mexico. He was for years a noted Indian fighter, being for a long time stationed at various frontier posts. He was promoted to brigadier-general, November 12, 1861, and commanded all the regular cavalry in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsular campaign, participating in the siege of Yorktown, and the battles of Williamsburg, Gaines' mill, and Glendale, besides smaller engagements. At Harrison's landing he was relieved and in 1862 and 1863 was on court martial duty in St. Louis. He commanded the Baton Rouge district after that until 1864, and was then, until 1866, general superintendent of the recruiting service. After the war he was head of the departments of the Platte, the Cumberland and the Lakes, successively, and in 1873 was retired, having been in active service more than forty-five years. He died in Detroit, Michigan, March 20, 1895.
Cooper, James, brigadier-general, was born in Frederick county, Maryland, May 8, 1810. He attended St. Mary's college, and afterwards Washington college, being graduated at the latter institution in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, practiced in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and was from 1839 to 1843 a member of the lower house of Congress. He was then member of the state legislature from 1844 to 1848, being speaker of the assembly in 1847, was attorney-general of the state in 1848, and from 1849 to 1855 United States senator. He afterwards settled in Frederick City, Maryland, and in 1861 commanded the Union volunteers in that state, being commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers May 17, 1861. He subsequently commanded Camp Chase, until his death, which occurred there March 28, 1863.
Cooper, Joseph A., brigadier-general was born in Pulaski county, Kentucky, November 25, 1823. He served during the Mexican war in the 4th Tennessee infantry, then became a planter, and at the outbreak of the Civil war entered the Union army as captain in the 1st Tennessee infantry. He was promoted colonel of the 6th Tennessee infantry in 1862, served in East Tennessee and Georgia, and on July 4, 1864, was made brigadier-general, in which capacity he commanded in the march through Georgia. He commanded a division in the battle of Nashville, and in North Carolina in 1865. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. Returning to Tennessee in 1866, he was commander of state troops in 1866 and 1867, and subsequently was from 1869 to 1879 collector of internal revenue. He then resumed farming in Kansas.
Copeland, Joseph T., brigadier-general, was born in Michigan about 1830. Entering the 1st Michigan cavalry, which was organized in the summer of 1861, he was elected lieutenant-colonel on August 22, fought through the Manassas campaign and then returned to Detroit in July, 1862. There he organized the 5th Michigan cavalry, of which he became colonel on August 14, and on November 29, 1862. he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to command the Michigan cavalry brigade, then forming in Washington. The brigade was a part of Hooker's cavalry, and was in Maryland after Lee crossed the Potomac. They were the first troops to enter Gettysburg, but, with other changes of commanders then carried out, General Copeland transferred his command to General Custer just before the battle, July 1, 1863. Subsequently he Page 60 commanded a draft rendezvous at Annapolis Junction, Maryland, and at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and was then, until the close of the war, commander of the post and military prison at Alton, Illinois He died May 6, 1893.
Corcoran, Michael, brigadier-general, was born in Carrowkeel, Ireland, September 21, 1827. His father, a captain in the British army, gave him a good education, and procured for him a commission in the Irish constabulary in 1845. This he resigned, being unwilling to oppress his people, and in 1849 he emigrated to America, locating in New York. He joined the militia there as a private, rose through the grades to the rank of colonel, 1859, and when Prince Albert of Wales visited this country, he refused to order out the regiment, the 69th, to do honor to the prince. For this he was subjected to trial by court-martial, that was still pending when the Civil war began. Upon the first call for troops, he led the 69th to the seat of war, and, being ordered to Virginia, built Fort Corcoran on Arlington Heights, and then led it into the battle of Bull Run, where he fought with impetuous gallantry. He was wounded and captured, and spent nearly a year in various Confederate prisons, refusing to accept a release conditional upon his promise not to take up arms again in defense of the Union. Upon being exchanged, August 15, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers to date from July 21, 1861, and organized the Corcoran legion, which he commanded in the battles on the James, near Suffolk, in April, 1863, and in checking the advance of the Confederates upon Norfolk. The legion was attached to the Army of the Potomac, in August, 1863, and General Corcoran was killed by the falling of his horse upon him while riding in company with General Thomas Francis Meagher, December 22, 1863.
Corse, John M, brigadier-general, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. April 27, I835, entered West Point military academy, but resigned before graduation, studied in the Albany law school and was admitted to the bar, after which he located in practice at Burlington, la. Soon thereafter he was dominated by the Democrats for lieutenant-governor of Iowa, and was defeated. Entering the Federal service in August, 1861, as major of the 6th Iowa regiment, he served with Fremont in Missouri, was on General Pope's staff at the siege of New Madrid and at the battle of Farmington, and in the Corinth campaign. He was then transferred to the division of General W. T. Sherman, promoted lieutenant-colonel, and acted as colonel in the Memphis and Holly Springs campaign, and with Grant at Vicksburg. On August 14, 1863, he was promoted brigadier-general, and commanded a division at Collierville, Tennessee. where he rescued Sherman's division, which was surrounded by the Confederate cavalry under General Chalmers. He made a night attack across Lookout mountain, then returned to command Sherman's assaulting column at Missionary ridge, and was carried from the field with a broken leg. He was appointed inspector-general on the staff of General Sherman in the spring of 1864, served through the Atlanta campaign, and, when Logan succeeded McPherson, Corse was made commander of the 2nd division, 16th army corps. General Corse made his greatest reputation by holding the post of Allatoona against fearful odds. He was sent to Allatoona after the evacuation of Atlanta, when Colonel Tourtellotte, with 80o men, was threatened by an infantry division of the enemy. He arrived at Allatoona, with 1,o54 men, before the Confederates, who, when they reached the place shortly afterwards, in vastly superior numbers, demanded his immediate surrender. Upon his refusal they attempted again and again to storm the place, but were unsuccessful. Meanwhile Sherman had heard the firing, eighteen miles away, and he sent by the sun-telegraph the since famous message, "Hold the fort for I am coming." And Corse held the fort. Furthermore he Page 60 captured 500 prisoners. His action at Allatoona was made the subject of a special order from General Sherman, in which he showed the importance of retaining to the last a fortified place, and Corse was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers October 5, 1864. After this, General Corse continued in command of a division on the march to the sea, and at the close of the war conducted a successful campaign against the Indians of the northwest. Declining an appointment as lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, General Corse engaged in railroad building in Chicago, was appointed revenue collector there and in 1869, was removed by President Grant. He then spent several years in Europe, located in Boston in 1877, and was appointed postmaster of the city by President Cleveland, October 9, 1886. He was removed by President Harrison in March, 1891. General Corse died in Winchester, Massachusetts, April 27, 1893.
Couch, Darius N., major-general, was born in South East, Putnam county, New York, July 23, 1822, and was graduated_ at the United States military academy at West Point in 1846, entering immediately thereafter upon active service in the Mexican war. He was brevetted first lieutenant for gallantry at Buena Vista, and was later, upon the promotion of Captain Washington to the command of the artillery battalion of General Taylor's army, made adjutant. After service in the Seminole war, at various artillery posts, and in the department of natural history in the Smithsonian institution, he resigned from the army in 1855, and engaged, until 1857, in business in New York city, and afterwards, until the Civil war, in manufacturing in Norton, Massachusetts. In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Andrew, and was appointed colonel of the 7th Massachusetts volunteers. He was given a commission as brigadier-general, dating from May 17, 1861, and was promoted major-general of volunteers July 4, 1862. On the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac, he was assigned a division in General Keyes' corps, with which he distinguished himself at Fair Oaks, Williamsburg and Malvern hill, and later commanded a division in the retreat from Manassas to Washington, August 30 to September 2, 1862, and took part in the battle of Antietam in Franklin's corps. He took a prominent part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, being twice wounded in the latter engagement and having his horse killed under him. He commanded the Department of the Susquehanna from June 11, 1863, to December 1, 1864, and was then at the head of the 2nd division of the 23d army corps until May, 1865. He was present at the battle of Nashville, and took part in the operations in North Carolina in February, 1865. He resigned, May 25, 1865, was the unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts that year, and in 1866 was appointed by President Johnson collector of the port of Boston, serving from October of that year until March 4, 1867, when he was forced to vacate the office, the senate having refused to approve the appointment. He became president of a Virginia mining and manufacturing company in 1867, but subsequently moved to Norwalk, Connecticut, and was quartermaster of the state from 1876 to 1878 and adjutant-general in 1883 and 1884. He died in Norwalk, Connecticut, February 12, 1897.
Cowdin, Robert, brigadier-general, was born at Jamaica, Vermont, September 18, 1805. On May 25, 1861, he was appointed colonel of the 1st Massachusetts volunteers, which was the first regiment enlisted for three years or the war to reach Washington. He distinguished himself at the battle of Blackburn's ford by his bravery, standing conspicuously in white shirt sleeves and refusing to sit down, saying "The bullet is not cast that will kill me to-day." He commanded a brigade from October, 1861, to February 7, 1862, and then, returning to command of his regiment, took part in the Peninsular and Manassas campaigns. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, September 26, 1862, his appointment expiring March 4, 1863, because it had not been approved by the senate. During the war General Page 62 Cowdin engaged in the battles of Bull Run, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern hill and Chantilly. Upon the expiration of his commission he returned to Massachusetts, and died in Boston July 7, 1874.
Cox, Jacob D., major-general, was born in Montreal, Canada, October 27, 1828, spent his boyhood in New York, removed with his parents to Ohio in 1846, and graduated at Oberlin college in 1851. After leaving college he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1853, practiced in Warren, Ohio, and was from 1859 to 1861 member of the state senate. Holding a state commission as brigadier-general of volunteers at the beginning of the Civil war, he was active in raising troops, and on May 17, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He commanded an independent column in the West Virginia campaign under McClellan from July to September, 1861, and under Rosecrans from September to December of the same year. He commanded the district of the Kanawha almost continuously until August, 1862, when he was ordered to Washington and assigned to the Army of Virginia under Pope. He led the advance of the right wing of McClellan's army at South mountain and opened the battle, September 14, 1862, assuming command of the 9th army corps when General Reno fell, and directing its movements in the battle of Antietam three days later. For his services in this campaign he was commissioned major-general of volunteers, October 6, 1862, and was ordered to West Virginia, where he drove back the Confederates, and then commanded the district until April, 1863, when he was put in command of the district of Ohio, and later of a division of the 23d army corps. He served in the Atlanta campaign and in the campaigns of Franklin and Nashville under General Thomas. For services at the battles of Franklin he was restored to the rank of major-general of volunteers from which he had been reduced by constitutional limitation, in April, 1863, and was given permanent command of the 23d corps. He was transferred with his corps to North Carolina, in February, 1865, as part of Schofield's army, capturing Fort Anderson, the cities of Wilmington and Kinston, then joining Sherman's army at Goldsboro, and commanding the district of western North Carolina at Greensboro after the surrender of General Johnston. He resigned from the service, January 1, 1866, returned to Ohio, and was governor of the state in 1866 and 1867. He was secretary of the interior in President Grant's cabinet, 1869-70, then resigned, and, returning to Ohio, was a representative from the Toledo district in the 45th Congress, 1877-79. He was also for several years president of the Wabash railroad. He was elected dean of the Cincinnati law school in 1881, and was president of the University of Cincinnati from 1884 to 1889. He retired from the deanship of the law school in 1897, and from active professional life, and died August 4, 1900.
Craig, James, brigadier-general, was born in Pennsylvania, May 7, 1820. He studied law and removed to St. Joseph, Missouri, where he practiced his profession, and in 1847 was a member of the state legislature. He was captain of the Missouri mounted volunteers in the Mexican war from August, 1847, until November, 1848, and then, returning to Missouri, was from 1852 to 1856 state attorney for the 12th judicial circuit. He served in Congress as a Democrat from 1857 to 1861, and on March 21, 1862, was commissioned by President Lincoln, brigadier-general of volunteers. This office he held until May 5, 1863, serving in the west, then resigned and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the 47th Congress. He was subsequently the first president of the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, and the first controller of St. Joseph. He died in St. Joseph, Missouri, October 21, 1888.
Crawford, Samuel W., brigadier-general, was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, November 8, 1829, was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Page 63 1846 and the medical department in 1850, and entered the United States army in 1851, serving in Texas and Mexico from 1851 to 1857, and in Kansas from 1857 to 1860. He was then stationed at Fort Moultrie, and later at Fort Sumter, being one of the garrison there under Major Anderson and having command of a battery during the bombardment. He was then stationed until August, 1861, at Fort Columbus, New York harbor, vacating his commission as assistant surgeon then, by becoming major in the 13th U. S. infantry, and in 1862 was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. General Crawford was conspicuous at Winchester, and at Cedar mountain, where he lost one-half of his brigade, and at the battle of Antietam he succeeded to the command of General Mansfield's division, and was severely wounded. Early in 1863 he was placed in command of the Pennsylvania reserves, then stationed at Washington, and led them at Gettysburg, July 1-3, serving with great bravery. Subsequently he participated in all the operations of the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war, and was brevetted from colonel, in 1863, up to major-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865, for conspicuous gallantry in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Petersburg, Five Forks and other engagements. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866 and served with his regiment in the south, becoming colonel of the 16th infantry in 1869 and later of the 2nd infantry. He was retired by reason of disability caused by wounds, in February, 1873, with rank of brigadier-general, and died in 1892.
Crittenden, Thomas L., major-general, was born in Russellville, Kentucky, May 15, 1819, studied law under his father, was admitted to the bar, and was elected commonwealth's attorney in Kentucky in 1842. In the Mexican war he served as lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky infantry, and was volunteer aide to General Taylor in the battle of Buena Vista. He was from 1849 to 1853, under appointment from President Taylor, consul to Liverpool, then returned to the United States, resided for a time in Frankfort, and afterwards engaged in mercantile pursuits in Louisville, Kentucky Espousing the Union cause at the beginning of the Civil war, he was commissioned brigadier-general, October 27, 1861. At Shiloh he commanded a division and won by gallantry on that field promotion to major-general of volunteers, being assigned to command of a division in the Army of the Tennessee. He commanded the 2nd corps, forming the left wing of General Buell's Army of the Ohio, served afterwards under General Rosecrans in the battle of Stone's river, and at Chickamauga commanded one of the two corps that were routed. He was afterwards given command of a division of the 9th corps, Army of the Potomac, and operated with that corps in the campaign of 1864. He resigned, December 13, 1864, but was afterwards commissioned by President Johnson colonel of the 32nd U. S. infantry, and in 1869 was transferred to the 17th infantry. He was retired by reason of his age, May, 1881. Gen Crittenden won by gallantry at Stone's river the brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army, which was conferred on him, March 2, 1867. He died at Annandale, Staten Island, New York, October 23, 1893.
Crittenden, Thomas T., brigadier-general, was born in Alabama about 1828. He served in the Mexican war, from August, 1846, to September, 1847, as 2nd lieutenant in Willcock's battalion, Missouri volunteers, settled afterwards in Indiana, and at the beginning of the Civil war enlisted for three months as captain in a regiment of which he became colonel, April 27, 1861—the 6th Indiana volunteers. He took part with a detachment of his regiment in the battle of Philippi, and the regiment was reorganized in September, under his command, for three years' service. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on April 28, 1862, and served until May 5, 1864, when he resigned. He was taken prisoner at Murfreesboro on July 12, 1862, and was not released till October.
Crocker, Marcellus M., brigadier-general, was born in Franklin, Indiana, February 6, 1830, entered the United States military academy at West Point in 1847, but left at the end of his second year and studied law, practicing later in Des Moines, Iowa In May, 1861, he joined the national army as major in the 2nd Iowa volunteers. He was promoted colonel on December 30, fought with distinction in the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on November 29, 1862, and engaged in the siege of Vicksburg, conducting a raid in Mississippi. In 1864, upon the reenlistment of his brigade, he joined Sherman's army, and was present at the siege of Atlanta and on the march to the sea, commanding a division part of the time. He was suffering from consumption all during his service, and was ordered to Mexico at his personal solicitation, in hopes of bettering his health. He returned afterwards to Washington, D. C, and died there, August 26, 1865.
Crook, George, major-general, was born near Dayton, Ohio, September 8, 1828, was graduated at West Point in 1852, and served in California as 2nd lieutenant in the 4th U. S. infantry until 1861, participating in the Rogue river expedition in 1856, and commanding the Pitt river expedition in 1857, where he was engaged in several actions, in one of which he was wounded by an arrow. He had risen to a captaincy at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war, and was ordered east to become colonel in the 36th Ohio volunteer infantry. He commanded a brigade in western Virginia, being wounded at the affray at Lewisburg, and then engaged in the northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns, winning the brevet of lieutenant-colonel U. S. A. for his services at Antietam. He was in command, in 1863, of the 2nd cavalry division, Army of the Cumberland, and, after the battle of Chickamauga, in which he distinguished himself, pursued Wheeler's cavalry, driving it across the Tennessee into Alabama with great loss. In February, 1864, he was transferred to the command of the military district of West Virginia, made constant raids, partook in various actions and won the battle of Cloyd's mountain, May 9, 1864, and later in the year took part in Sheridan's Shenandoah campaign. For his services he received, March 13, 1865, the brevets of major-general and brigadier-general in the regular army. He commanded the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac in March and April, 1865, during which time he was engaged at Dinwiddie Court House, Jetersville, Sailor's creek and Farmville, until the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. He was afterwards transferred to the command of Wilmington, North Carolina, where he remained from September 1, 1865, until mustered out of the volunteer service. January 15, 1866. After the war General Crook gained great fame as a fighter of Indians, and manager of them, being equally skillful in both. After a short leave of absence, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel U. S. A., July 28, 1866, and assigned to service in Idaho, where he actively engaged against hostile Indians until 1872, when he was ordered to quell Indian disturbances in Arizona. He sent an ultimatum, ordering the chiefs to return at once to their reservations or "be wiped off the face of the earth," and, this being disregarded, he attacked them in what was considered an impregnable stronghold, the Tonto basin, and soon brought them to subjection. Next, in 1875, he defeated the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians at Powder river, Wy., following this victory with two more, one at Tongue river and one at Rosebud. The final victory so incensed the Sioux that they massed eleven tribes and at Little Big Horn massacred General Custer with 277 of his famous troopers, in what has since been known as the "Custer Massacre." Crook was given reinforcements, and proceeded so vigorously that by May, 1877, all the hostile tribes in the northwest had yielded. Returning to Arizona in 1882, he drove off white marauders from lands belonging to the Apaches, and pledged the Page 65 Indians the protection of the government. This action he followed in 1883 by regaining a large amount of plunder stolen by the Chiricahuas, and making those Indians peaceable and self-supporting, and then for two years had complete charge of Indian affairs. General Crook was promoted major-general in 1888 and assigned to the Department of the Missouri. He died in Chicago, Illinois, March 1, 1890.
Croxton, John T., brigadier-general, was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, November 29, 1837. He was graduated at Yale in 1857, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and practiced law in Paris, Kentucky When the Civil war broke out he espoused the Union side and joined the national service in June, 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Kentucky volunteers. In March, 1862, he succeeded to the colonelcy, and in August, 1864, was commissioned brigadier-general. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, April 27, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, and in the campaign from the Tennessee river to Macon, Georgia He commanded the district of southwest Georgia, with headquarters at Macon, in 1865, and then, resigning his commission, December 26, 1865, he resumed his law practice in Paris, Kentucky He helped establish the Louisville Commercial as a Republican organ. General Croxton's health had been undermined by exposure during the war and overwork afterwards, and in 1873 he accepted the office of United States minister to Bolivia, in hope of regaining it. He died in La Paz, Bolivia, April 16, 1874.
Cruft, Charles, brigadier-general, was born in Indiana, and entered the service of the United States from that state, becoming, on September 20, 1861, colonel of the 31st Indiana infantry. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, July 16, 1862, and on March 5, 1865, was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers. He was honorably mustered out of the service, August 24, 1865. General Cruft served with distinction throughout the war, receiving on several occasions special mention from his superior officers, and distinguishing himself especially at the battles which were fought near Richmond. Kentucky. August 29 and 30, 1862, having on these occasions command of a brigade under General Mahlon D. Manson. He died in Terre Haute, Indiana, March 23, 1883.
Cullum, George W., brigadier-general, was born in New York city, February 25, 1809, was graduated in the military academy at West Point in 1833, standing third in his class, and, being assigned to the engineer corps, was promoted captain in 1838, and superintended the construction of government works at New London, Connecticut, and in Boston harbor. He organized platoon trains for use in the Mexican war, was instructor in engineering at West Point from 1848 to 1855 and then, until 1861, superintended the construction of government works at New York City, Charleston, S. C, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Newport, Rhode Island, and New London, Connecticut He was ordered to Washington, April 9, 1861, as aide-de-camp of General Scott, then commander-in-chief of the army, was promoted major of engineers, August 6, 1861, and, upon the resignation of General Scott, October 31, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers the next day. He was appointed chief engineer of the Department of the Missouri, and was made chief of staff to General Halleck, commanding that department. He directed engineering operations on the western rivers, was for some time in command at Cairo, was engaged as chief of engineers in the siege of Corinth, and then, after accompanying General Halleck to Washington, was employed in inspecting fortifications, examining engineering inventions, and on various engineer boards. He was also from 1861 to 1864 member of the U. S. sanitary commission, and in the autumn of 1864 was employed in projecting fortifications for Nashville, Tennessee, which had been selected as a base of operations and depot of supplies for the western armies. He was then, from September, 1864, until August, 1866, superintendent Page 66 of the U. S. military academy at West Point. He was brevetted major-general U. S. A., March 13, 1865. He served on various boards for national defense until 1874, and on January 13, 1874, retired from active service on account of his age. He then devoted himself to military, literary and scientific studies. He married the widow of General Halleck, and, in conjunction with his wife, gave $200,000 to the New York cancer hospital. By his will he bequeathed over a quarter of a million dollars to the U. S. military academy to build a memorial hall. He died in New York city, February 29, 1892.
Curtis, N. Martin, brigadier-general, was born in De Peyster, St. Lawrence county, New York, May 21, 1835, was educated in the common schools and at the Gouverneur, New York, Wesleyan seminary, and became prominent in local Democratic circles, being postmaster in his home town 1857-61, and candidate for the assembly in 1860. He enrolled a volunteer company, April 14, 1861, was commissioned captain on May 7, and served with the Army of the Potomac. He participated in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861; was severely wounded at West Point, Virginia, May 7, 1862; was promoted lieutenant-colonel in October, 1862, and colonel of the 142nd New York volunteers in January, 1863, and was assigned to command a brigade in June, 1864, after the battle of Cold Harbor, in which he had commanded a brigade whose leader was killed in action. He advanced with his brigade on Petersburg, June 15, 1864, and took part in all the operations before Petersburg and Richmond until December 5, when he was assigned to the first expedition against Fort Fisher. For his services at the capture of Fort Fisher in January, 1865, when he was several times wounded, losing his left eye on account of one of the wounds, he was promoted brigadier-general on the field, and thanked by the legislature of New York state. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13. 1865, and assigned to duty as chief of staff to General E. O. C Ord; was given command of southwestern Virginia, with headquarters at Lynchburg, July 1, 1865, and was mustered out there January 15, 1866. After the war General Curtis was collector of customs; special agent of the U. S. treasury department; member of the New York assembly, 1884-90; and representative in Congress from 1891 to 1897.
Curtis, Samuel R., major-general, was born in Clinton county, New York, February 3, 1807, was taken as a child to Ohio, was graduated at West Point in 1831, and, after a year in the army, resigned to take up civil engineering. He afterwards studied law, became actively interested in state militia affairs, and, having risen to colonel of Ohio militia in 1843, in 1846 was made adjutant-general of Ohio for the special purpose of organizing the state's quota for service in the Mexican war. He served in that war as colonel of the 2nd Ohio volunteers, and while in charge of the army stores at Camargo defeated an attempt made by General Urrea to capture the place, driving the Mexican general through the mountains to Ramos, and thus opening communications with General Taylor. He subsequently served on the staff of General Wool and, after the war, opened a law office in Keokuk, Iowa While residing in Keokuk he was elected to Congress, served two terms and part of a third, and then resigned, in 1861, to become colonel of the 2nd Iowa regiment. He was one of the first officers to receive a commission, May 17, 1861, as brigadier-general, and during the summer organized and had charge of a camp of instruction at St . Louis. He commanded the district of southwestern Missouri from December 26, 1861, to February, 1862, and the Army of the Southwest until August of that year, defeating in a decisive battle at Pea Ridge on March 6^5 1862, a Confederate force commanded by Generals Price and McCulloch, for which action he was promoted major-general of volunteers. He then marched over one thousand miles through swamps and wilderness and captured Page 67 Helena, Arkansas, which place he held from July 14 to August 29, 1862. He commanded the Department of Missouri, 1862-63, and the Department of Kansas, 1864-65, being in command at Fort Leavenworth in October, 1864, and aiding in the defeat and pursuit of General Price's army. He commanded the Department of the Northwest from February to July, 1865, and was United States Indian commissioner during the latter part of that year. He was early interested in the Pacific railroad, having presided over the convention that met in Chicago in September, 1862, and was a commissioner to examine the road in 1866. He died at Council Bluffs, Iowa, December 26, 1866.
Custer, George A., major-general, was born in New Rumley, Harrison county, Ohio, December 5, 1839, and was graduated at West Point in 1861. Being assigned to duty as 2nd lieutenant in the 1st U. S. cavalry, he arrived at the front on the day of the first battle of Bull Run and joined his regiment on the field. In the fall of 1861 he was ordered home on sick leave, and on his return, in February, 1862, he rejoined the army, being assigned to the 5th U. S. cavalry. He served successively as aide on the staffs of Generals Phil Kearny, W. F. Smith and George B. McClellan, was promoted to be a captain of volunteers and served throughout the Peninsular campaign of 1862. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in June, 1863, and placed at the head of a brigade of Michigan cavalry, which, under his leadership, became one of the best trained and most efficient bodies in the Federal army. He led his brigade at the battle of Gettysburg, and distinguished himself by gallantry which won for him the brevet rank of major in the regular army. Subsequently his brigade was attached to Sheridan's cavalry corps, with which he served in the campaigns in Virginia, in the spring and summer of 1864, and in the subsequent operations in the Shenandoah valley, distinguishing himself by his bravery on numerous occasions. He was then given command of the 3d division of Sheridan's corps, won the battle of Woodstock, and at Cedar creek his division recaptured, before the day was over, guns and colors that had been taken from the army earlier in the fight, together with Confederate flags and cannon. After this brilliant success, General Custer was sent to Washington in charge of the captured colors, and was recommended for promotion. He was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers, October 19, 1864, defeated General Early at Waynesboro, and took part in the battles of Five Forks, Dinwiddie Court House, and other engagements of Grant's last campaign. He received the first flag of truce from the Army of Northern Virginia, and was. present at Appomattox Court House when Lee surrendered his army. He was appointed major-general of volunteers to date from April 15, 1865, having been brevetted major-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865, and, after the grand review at Washington, commanded the cavalry in Texas in the winter of 1865 and 1866, and then applied for leave of absence to become commander of the cavalry which Juarez was organizing to drive the Emperor Maximilian out of Mexico. His request being denied, he accepted the position of lieutenant-colonel of the 7th cavalry and gained his first experience in Indian fighting in 1867-68, with General Hancock's campaign against the Cheyennes, bringing the campaign to a successful conclusion by a decisive defeat which he inflicted on the Indians at Washita, I. T., in November, 1868. He first met the hostile Sioux in 1873, when his regiment was ordered to Dakota to guard the Northern Pacific railroad construction, and in 1874 he commanded an expedition to the Black Hills which opened up a hitherto undiscovered region of mineral wealth. General Custer lost his life, June 25, 1876, at the fatal massacre on the Little Big Horn. Reaching the Indian encampment in a region which was little known, he did not wait for the rest of the army, under command of General Terry, and, underestimating the strength of the Indians, Page 68 divided his force of 277 troopers into three divisions, with which he made the attack. The Indians, outnumbering their opponents ten to one, killed every one of the noble band.
Cutler, Lysander, brigadier-general, was born in Massachusetts about 1806. He became an early settler of Wisconsin, and at the beginning of the Civil war he offered his services to the government being appointed colonel of the 6th Wisconsin infantry, July 16, 1861. He speedily brought this regiment into a state of discipline and rendered it one of the best in the service. He was afterwards in command of the famous "Iron Brigade" (Meredith's), of the Army of the Potomac, to which his regiment was attached, and on November 29, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, August 19, 1864, for meritorious services, and resigned from the army, June 30, 1865, leaving the service with scars of two wounds upon his body. He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 30, 1866.
Source: The Union Army, Vol. V. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.