HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

FROM THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

TO

THE FINAL RESTORATION OF HOME RULE AT THE SOUTH IN 1877

VOL. III

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 TO THE FINAL RESTORATION OF HOME RULE AT THE SOUTH IN 1877 BY JAMES FORD RHODES, LL.D., Litt.D. MEMBER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY Vol. Ill 1860-1862 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.



CONTENTS

OF

THE THIRD VOLUME

CHAPTER XII

Material progress from 1850 to 1860 3

Our merchant marine 7

The Collins steamship line 9

The Atlantic cable 12

Causes of American prosperity 14

Causes of prosperity in 1846-57 18

Railway travel in 1853 20

The Erie railroad war 21

Railway and steamboat accidents 24

Causes of prosperity in 1846-57 27

The Tariff Act of 1846 28

The tariff question discussed 30

Webster in 1824 on the tariff question 35

Money panic of 1854 39

Secretary Guthrie's recommendations 40

Tariff of 1857 44

Panic of 1857 45

Business revival in 1860 56

The Morrill Tariff bill 57

Social changes—political corruption 60

Observations of foreign travellers 65

Lack of health in the United States 66

Improvement of American physique 73

Watering-place life 77

Manners and customs 81

Public amusements 84

The lyceum 89

The golden age of American literature 91

The magazines 94

American morals 97

Religious influences 100

The revival of 1858 102

Seriousness of Americans 108

American humor 109

American morals 111

CHAPTER XIII

Excitement in Charleston over Lincoln's election 115

Agitation for secession in South Carolina 117

Secession sentiment almost unanimous 123

General Scott's advice to the President 125

The Jacksonian policy 127

Buchanan's failure 131

Sentiment of Republicans 139

Greeley's opinion 140

Thurlow Weed's compromise 145

The grievances of the South 147

The Crittenden compromise 150

The Senate committee of thirteen 151

The Senate committee and the Crittenden compromise 153

Seward's course... 156

Lincoln's course 159

Northern sentiment 170

Seward and Lincoln 174

Lincoln's course 179

The Charleston forts 182

Buell's instructions 185

General Scott's advice to the President 188

Buchanan's failure 189

Progress of revolution in South Carolina 192

The South Carolina convention 197

South Carolina's ordinance of secession 198

Declaration of causes 203

Sentiment in Georgia 207

Alexander H. Stephens 208

Sentiment in the border slave States 214

The South Carolina theory 215

Anderson's removal to Fort Sumter 217

The South Carolina commissioners 222

Buchanan's failure 227

Black's opportunity 231

The President sustains Anderson 235

CHAPTER XIV

Jeremiah S. Black 242

The Star of the West expedition 245

Change of sentiment at the North 249

John A. Dix 251

Repeal of Personal Liberty laws 253

Proposition to submit Crittenden's compromise to the people.. 254

Jefferson Davis's speech 255

Will Seward support the Crittenden compromise? 258

Proposed submission of the Crittenden compromise to the popular vote 260

Death-blow of the Crittenden compromise 267

Lincoln's views as to compromise 269

Compensated emancipation and colonization proposed 270

Withdrawal of Southern senators 271

Progress of secession 272

Was secession a conspiracy or a people's movement? 273

Slavery the sole cause of the war 280

Negotiation between Southern senators and the President 281

Credit due to Black, Stanton, Holt, and Dix 285

Will Seward support the Crittenden compromise? 288

Virginia's effort to save the Union 290

The Southern Confederacy formed 291

Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy 292

Two established governments in the Union 296

Supposed conspiracy to capture Washington 300

Lincoln's journey to Washington 302

The Peace Convention 305

Election in Virginia 308

Legislation of Congress 312

Thirteenth Amendment proposed 313

Lincoln's inaugural address 316

Confederate Congress in Montgomery 320

The question of Fort Sumter 325

Seward's indirect negotiations with the Confederate commissioners 328

The question of Fort Sumter 332

Seward's thoughts for the President's consideration 341

Bombardment of Fort Sumter 349

Anderson evacuates Fort Sumter 354

CHAPTER XV

Outbreak of the Civil War; the uprising of the North 357

Massachusetts Sixth attacked by a mob in Baltimore 362

Blockade of Southern ports proclaimed 364

Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States army. 365

Alarm for the safety of Washington 366

Enthusiasm for the Union in New York city 368

The New York Seventh Regiment leaves for Washington 372

Supposed insecurity of the capital 374

The uprising of the South 381

North Carolina; Tennessee 383

Arkansas; Virginia 385

Union sentiment predominates in Maryland 389

Kentucky remains with the North 391

Missouri 393

The army increased by proclamation 394

Meeting of the Confederate Congress 395

Advantages of the North 397

The great task of the North 403

Unanimity of the Southern people 404

Robert E. Lee 411

Death of Stephen A. Douglas 414

England proclaims her neutrality 417

Confederates recognized as belligerents 418

Seward's lack of tact and wisdom 423

Northern sentiment towards England 426

English sentiment more favorable to the North 429

Advance of Federal troops into Virginia 435

Special session of Congress; the President's message 437

A council of war decides to attack Beauregard's army 443

The battle of Bull Run 446

Rout of the Union army 449

A second uprising of the North 455

CHAPTER XVI

Joseph E. Johnston 458

"Stonewall" Jackson 460

McClellan 462

Confiscation act of Federal Congress 464

Sequestration act of Confederate Congress 464

Slaves "contraband of war" 466

Fremont and his emancipation proclamation 470

Northern sentiment on emancipation 472

Fremont's incompetence 476

Removal of Fremont 482

Elections North and South 486

McClellan and the Army of the Potomac 490

English sentiment on the Civil War 502

Neutrality of Great Britain 519

Capture of Mason and Slidell 520

England demands the liberation of Mason and Slidell 525

Mason and Slidell liberated 538

Financial system of the Confederacy 543

Pressure of the blockade felt in the South 544

Internal affairs of the Confederacy 548

President Lincoln's message of December, 1861 553

Infractions of the Constitution 554

Financial operations of the United States 559

Proposal to make the treasury notes legal tender 563

Passage of the Legal-tender act 571

Unsystematic administration of the War department 573

Inaction of the Army of the Potomac 578

The Forts Henry and Donelson campaign 581

Surrender of Fort Donelson 593

Ulysses S. Grant 594

Moral effect of the capture of Donelson 598

Martial law in Richmond and Winder's despotism 601

Johnston evacuates Manassas 605

Confederate Congress passes a conscription act 606

The Merrimac and the Monitor 609

McClellan starts on his Peninsula campaign 614

Affairs in the West 617

Battle of Shiloh 620

Capture of New Orleans 629

Action of the President and Congress in reference to slavery.. 630

Index 639



Source: Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States; from the compromise of 1850 to the final restoration of home rule at the south in 1877, v.3. New York: Macmillan, 1910 [c1892].