History of the Civil War
Table of Contents
HISTORY OF
THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
BY
JAMES FORD RHODES, LL.D., D.Litt.
AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 TO THE FINAL RESTORATION OF HOME RULE AT THE SOUTH IN 1877; HISTORICAL ESSAYS; LECTURES ON THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR DELIVERED AT OXFORD WITH MAPS New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917 All rights reserved
COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1917. Norwood Press J. 8. Cushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
PREFACE
This is not an abridgment of my three volumes on the Civil War but a fresh study of the subject in which I have used my work as one of many authorities. Whenever I have transferred sentences, paragraphs and pages, I have done so because, after a study of the original authorities, I found that I could give my conclusions no better than in my first work.
Since writing the three volumes, published respectively in 1895, 1899 and 1904, much new original material has come to light and valuable treatments of certain periods of the Civil War have appeared. I owe especial indebtedness to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies ; Diary of Gideon Welles; Life of Rawlins, which J. H. Wilson kindly permitted me to read in manuscript before publication ; the Letters and Diaries of John Hay; Miss Nicolay's Personal Traits of Lincoln ; Life and Letters of General Meade ; W. R. Livermore, Story of the Civil War; J. Bigelow, Jr., The Campaign of Chancellorsville; W. R. Thayer, Life of John Hay; The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz.
I owe a literary revision of this volume to my son, Daniel P. Rhodes. I am indebted to D. M. Matteson for valuable assistance in historical research and for a careful reading of the manuscript with verifications. I acknowledge the aid of my secretary, Miss Wyman; that of Charles K. Bolton, Librarian, Miss Wildman and Miss Cattanach, assistants in the Boston Athenæum.
Boston, 1917.
CONTENTS
THE GREAT FACTOR IN DESTRUCTION OF SLAVERY
THEORY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE
SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY
LINCOLN'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS
ANDERSON AND FORT SUMTER
SEWARD'S FOREIGN POLICY .
BREAD FOR ANDERSON . .
BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER
RISING OF THE NORTH .
BALTIMORE RIOT . . . .
THE BLOCKADE . .
SUPPOSED DANGER TO WASHINGTON
THE BORDER STATES . .
THE CIVIL WAR . .
UNPREPAREDNESS. .
JEFFERSON DAVIS.
LINCOLN . . . . . . . .
“ON TO RICHMOND" ..
BATTLE OF BULL RUN . .
THE PRESIDENT'S COURAGE . . .
CHAPTER II · · ·
CONGRESS · · · · ·
SLAVERY THE CAUSE OF THE WAR
FRÉMONT · · · ·
MCCLELLAN . . . . .
GREAT BRITAIN'S ACTION . . . .
ENGLISH SENTIMENT
MASON AND SLIDELL .
ENGLISH PRECEDENTS
LINCOLN AND SEWARD .
SURRENDER OF MASON AND SLIDELL .
SIMON CAMERON . .
EDWIN M. STANTON .
FORT DONELSON . .
SURRENDER OF DONELSON
ULYSSES S. GRANT
McCLELLAN'S DALLIANCE
GRANT AND HALLECK
GRANT AND SHERMAN SURPRISED AT SHILOH
BATTLE OF SHILOH
LINCOLN AND GRANT .
THE BLOCKADE . . . . . . .
THE MERRIMAC . . . . . .
THE MONITOR
FARRAGUT — FOX . .
FARRAGUT'S CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS
MCCLELLAN'S PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN
STONEWALL JACKSON'S CAMPAIGN
“THE GREAT SCARE" ..
BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS. .
ROBERT E. LEE . . .
BATTLE OF GAINES'S MILL.
MCCLELLAN'S DEMORALIZATION
LEE AND MCCLELLAN .
LEE AND JACKSON . ..
SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES. . . . .
LEGAL-TENDER ACT . . . .
LINCOLN'S ATTITUDE TO SLAVERY . .
PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
LINCOLN AND GREELEY . . . .
“THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND MORE"
POPE AND HALLECK . . . .
POPE'S DEFEAT . . . . .
MCCLELLAN AGAIN IN COMMAND.
LEE'S INVASION OF MARYLAND
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM . .
PROCLAMATION OF EMANCIPATION
FALL ELECTIONS OF 1862 . .
ALARM IN CINCINNATI . .
BUELL AND MORTON . .
MCCLELLAN'S REMOVAL .
UNFORTUNATE CHOICE OF BURNSIDE
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG . .
THE CABINET CRISIS . .
LINCOLN'S SAGACITY
LINCOLN – CHASE
LINCOLN — SEWARD .
BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER .
ACTION OF CONGRESS
POPULAR FEELING AND ACTION
HOOKER IN COMMAND . .
BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE
EFFECT OF CHANCELLORSVILLE .
LEE'S INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA .
MEADE SUCCEEDS HOOKER . . .
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG .
PICKETT'S CHARGE . . . .
LEE — MEADE . .
LINCOLN — MEADE
GRANT'S EXPEDITION AGAINST VICKSBURG,
VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN . .
GRANT . . . . . . . .
SURRENDER OF VICKSBURG
ENGLISH SENTIMENT . . .
THE ALABAMA . . . .
ENGLISH MEDIATION PROPOSED
GLADSTONE . . . . .
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS .
EARL RUSSELL . .
THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH
ANTI-SLAVERY SENTIMENT . .
THE TIMES — SATURDAY REVIEW .
GROTE — CARLYLE . . . .
DICKENS — TROLLOPE — TENNYSON
IRON-CLAD RAMS . . . .
ENGLAND AND FRANCE . .
NEW YORK DRAFT RIOT
MEADE
BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA
GRANT IN COMMAND
THOMAS — GRANT
BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA
RECRUITS WANTED
GRANT — SHERMAN THOMAS — SHERIDAN
GRANT . .
GRANT'S WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN . .
BATTLE OF COLD HARBOR . .
CHATTANOOGA — ATLANTA CAMPAIGN
SHERMAN – THOMAS
LINCOLN CHASE
GRANT'S CAMPAIGN
LINCOLN RENOMINATED . . . .
CHAPTER X . . .
LINCOLN — GRANT . . .
WASHINGTON IN DANGER .
DISAPPOINTMENT IN GRANT .
MEN WANTED . . .
JOHNSTON — HOOD . .
YEARNING FOR PEACE
DISSATISFACTION WITH LINCOLN
BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY
CAPTURE OF ATLANTA . .
SHERIDAN . . . .
LINCOLN REËLECTED .
CHAPTER XI · · ·
LIFE AT THE NORTH
PRIVATIONS OF THE WAR .
POSTAGE STAMPS CURRENCY.
FRACTIONAL CURRENCY
GLOOM DESPAIR .
BUSINESS ACTIVITY .
ARBITRARY ARRESTS
COPPERHEADS · · ·
SEYMOUR — VALLANDIGHAM
THE DEMOCRATS . . .
ARBITRARY ARRESTS .
SANITARY FAIRS . . .
TRADE WITH THE SOUTH . .
GRAVE FINANCIAL POSITION .
THE NORTHERN GOVERNORS
STANTON – LINCOLN . . . .
DISCOMFORT AT THE SOUTH . . . .
LACK OF TEA AND COFFEE . .
LACK OF BREAD AND MEAT . .
DIFFICULTY OF TRANSPORTATION
THE AGE OF IRON
MUNITIONS OF WAR ,
BLOCKADE RUNNING
THE NEGRO SLAVES
CONSCRIPTION AT THE SOUTH
CARNIVAL OF FIAT MONEY . .
HIGH PRICES IN THE CONFEDERACY
IMPRESSMENT IMPERATIVE .
THE SOUTHERN WOMEN
DISTRESS AND PRIVATIONS . .
RELIGIOUS FEELING SOUTH . .
COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH AND NORTH.
NORTH – A DICTATORSHIP . . .
SOUTH – A SOCIALIZED STATE
DAVIS — LINCOLN . .
SHERMAN – THOMAS .
SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA
LIVING ON THE COUNTRY
DESTRUCTION. ..
THE NEGROES . .
SAVANNAH TAKEN , .
GRANT – THOMAS. .
BATTLE OF NASHVILLE . . .
THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT .
DISTRESS IN THE CONFEDERACY
LEE — JEFFERSON DAVIS .
HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE
LINCOLN'S MAGNANIMITY . . . .
SHERMAN'S MARCH NORTHWARD
SOUTH CAROLINA . . .
SHERMAN'S ARMY. .
LINCOLN — GRANT — SHERMAN
GRANT — LEE . . .
EVACUATION OF RICHMOND ..
GENERAL LEE'S SURRENDER
ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN ..
THE END OF THE WAR.
LIST OF MAPS
The United States West of the Missouri in 1860, East of the Missouri in 1861. . . . . .
Battlefield of Young's Branch or Manassas Plains . . 38
The Campaign in Tennessee Fort Donelson . . . . . . . 88
Map to Illustrate the Seven Days' Battle . . . . 136
Eastern Virginia . . . . . . 158
Battle of Fredericksburg . .
Battle of Chancellorsville , . . 212
Map showing Route of Ewell's Corps from Fredericksburg, Va., to Gettysburg, Pa., and return to Orange Court House, Va. . . . . . . . . . 226
Battle of Gettysburg, with Position of Troops July 2, 1863 . 234
Map Illustrating Grant's Vicksburg Campaign . . 250
Map showing the Army Movements around Chattanooga, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Sherman's Campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta . . 314
Grant's and Sheridan's Campaigns, 1864 . . . . 338
Military Map of the Marches of the United States Forces under Command of Maj. Gen. W. T. Sherman, U. S. A. 398
Grant's and Sheridan's Campaigns, 1865 . . . . 430
ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES OF AUTHORITIES
Source: Rhodes, James Ford. History of the Civil War, 1861-1865. New York: Macmillan, 1917.