Sac-Sca: Sackett through Scarlett

See below for annotated biographies of American abolitionists and anti-slavery activists. Sources include: Scribner’s Dictionary of American Biography and Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography.


SACKETT, William Augustus, 1811-1895, New York, lawyer, politician.  Elected to U.S. House of Representatives from New York as a member of the Whig Party.  Served in Congress two terms from 1849-1853.  Opposed extension of slavery into the New territories.  Early member of the Republican Party.

(Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888,Volume V, pp. 364-365; Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress 1774-1927 (1928);)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 364-365:

SACKETT, William Augustus, congressman, born in Aurelius, Cayuga county, New York, 18 November, 1812. His ancestors came from England in 1632, settled in Massachusetts, and continued to live in New England until 1804, when his father moved to Cayuga county, New York. He received an academic education, studied law in Seneca Falls and Skaneateles, was admitted to the bar in 1834, and soon secured a lucrative practice. Elected to congress as a Whig, he served from 3 December, 1849, till 3 March, 1853. He took part in the controversy in relation to the admission of California as a free state, and both spoke and voted for admission. He earnestly opposed the fugitive-slave law, and was uncompromisingly in opposition to slavery and the admission of any more slave states. From the committee on claims he made a report on the power of consuls, which had an influence in the final modification of those powers. He removed to Saratoga Springs in 1857, where he still resides. In 1876-'8 he travelled extensively in Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land, and wrote letters describing his journeys that were published. He has been a Republican since the organization of the party, and has been active as a public speaker.—His son, WILLIAM, was colonel of the 9th New York cavalry, and was killed while leading a charge under General Sheridan at Trevillian Station, Virginia. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 364-365.


SAFFORD, A. H., Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Executive Committee, 1842-43.


SAFFORD, Nathaniel, New York, New York, abolitionist, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, Executive Committee, 1841-1842, Member, 1840-1848.


SAGE, Russell (August 4, 1816--July 22, 1906), congressman and financier.   He was nominated for congressman in 1850 and defeated, but ran again successfully in 1852. He was reelected representative in 1854, but retired at the end of that term. In Congress he advocated the Homestead Law and free soil for Kansas.

(Who's Who in America, 1906-07; Henry Whittemore, History of the Sage and Slocum Families (1908); Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress 1774-1927 (1928)

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, pp. 292-293:

SAGE, RUSSELL (August 4, 1816--July 22, 1906), congressman and financier, came of pioneer New England stock, being a descendant of David Sage who was living in Middletown, Connecticut, as early as 1652. His father, Elisha Sage, veteran of the War of 1812, his mother, Prudence (Risley) Sage, and five children were emigrating by ox train from Connecticut towards Michigan when Russell was born, in the covered wagon, in Verona township, Oneida County, New York. Observing that the land was good, Elisha Sage settled in Oneida County, and there Russell grew to the age of twelve, working on the farm and getting a few bits of primary schooling. In 1828 he went to work in his brother Henry's store in Troy, New York. Notwithstanding his long hours, he attended a night school, paying a dollar and a half of his monthly salary of four dollars to learn arithmetic and bookkeeping; meanwhile, he also studied markets and read newspapers omnivorously. Before he reached manhood he began to do trading on his own account and at twenty-one, with the capital thus acquired, he bought out the store of his brother Elisha Montague, and a year or so later resold it at a profit. He then (with a partner) started a wholesale grocery business in Troy. The firm had its own sailing vessels on the Hudson, and traded in other things than groceries-Vermont and Canadian horses, for example, fresh and cured meats, and grain.

In 1845 Sage was elected alderman of Troy and later treasurer of Rensselaer County. In 1848 he was a delegate to the National Whig Convention. He was nominated for congressman in 1850 and defeated, but ran again successfully in 1852. He was reelected representative in 1854, but retired at the end of that term. In Congress he advocated the Homestead Law and free soil for Kansas, but his most noteworthy act was a resolution asking that the government take over the old mansion, "Mount Vernon," and make it a permanent memorial to Washington (Congressional Globe, 33 Congress, I Sess., pp. 52-54; December 15, 1853). This was one of the first moves toward its restoration and preservation.

Leaving Congress in 1856, Sage continued to build up his fortune, adding banking to his other activities. A chance meeting with Jay Gould [q.v.] in a railroad station was a momentous incident in his life, for it led to a close association and to Sage's interest in railroad affairs. He had already loaned some money to the La Crosse Railroad, a small line in Wisconsin, and was compelled to advance more to save the first loans. The road was eventually expanded into the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system, in which promotion Sage made large profits. He was for years a director and vice-president of the corporation. By 1863 he was giving most of his attention to stocks and finance, and he decided to move to New York. His first wife, Maria Winne of Troy, whom he had married in 1841, died in 1867, and on November 24, 1869, he married again, in Troy, his second wife being Margaret Olivia (Slocum) Sage [q.v.], who outlived him.

Sage is credited with being the originator of "puts and calls" in the stock market about 1872. His fortune was greatly increased by advances in the value of securities under the skilful manipulation of his ally, Jay Gould. The methods used in their campaign to gain control of the New York elevated lines in 1881 were bitterly criticized by the press and business men. Cyrus W. Field [q.v.], whom they had taken in with them to court public confidence, was eventually ruined, but Gould and Sage came through unscathed and with the desired control. Sage was one of the shrewdest and most conservative of all great financiers. Though at times a large operator, he was never a plunger. He preferred small, sure profits or those which resulted from manipulation, and his occasional speculative purchase was usually based on very canny foresight. He was caught short only once in his life, in the little Wall Street panic of 1884, when he lost fully $7,000,000. He was, at one time or another, stockholder and director of many railroad corporations. He was actively concerned in the organization of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company, and in its consolidation with the Western Union.

During the last quarter century of his life he was best known as a money lender. At one time he is said to have had $27,000,000 out on call loans. He might have from five to eight millions in cash bank deposits in the morning, and loan nearly all of it before the day was over. His frugality was proverbial; he loved to chaffer, even over the price of an apple, and there was no epicureanism in him. He preferred comfort rather than elegance; plain food and cheap clothing satisfied him as well as the richest. His homes on Fifth A venue and Long Island were comfortably furnished, however; he indulged himself in a love of good horses, and did not question his wife's expenditures. His philanthropies, such as the education of more than forty Indian children and the presentation of a dormitory to Troy Female Seminary, were popularly credited to Mrs. Sage's prompting. In 1891 Sage was seriously injured in his office by a bomb exploded by one Henry W. Norcross, who had first demanded $1,200,000. Norcross and a clerk were killed, but Sage, despite his years, fully recovered. He died at his home on Long Island at the age of ninety, and his fortune at that time was estimated at $70,000,000.

[Among many newspaper references to Sage, see obituaries in all New York newspapers of July 23, 1906; New York Times, December 27, 1881, December 5, 1891, January 11, 1899; World (New York.), April 27, July 10, 1902; New York Daily News, January 30, 1904; R. I. Warshow, Jay Gould; the Story of a Fortune (1928); Henry Clews, Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street (1887); Who's Who in America, 1906-07; Henry Whittemore, History of the Sage and Slocum Families (1908); Bench and Bar, September 1906; New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, October 1906. ]

A. F.H.


SAILER, John, Michigan City, Indiana, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1837-1840.


ST. CLAIR, Alanson, Boston, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Manager, 1831-, Executive Committee, 1839-.


SALEM, Philis, African American, abolitionist.

(Yellin, Jean Fagan and John C. Van Horne (Eds). The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994, p. 58n40)


SALTER, William (November 17, 1821-August 15, 1910), Congregational clergyman, author, and historiographer.  In the critical years previous to the Civil War he conducted an underground railway station for the assistance of runaway slaves. During the conflict he served as army chaplain in the Christian Commission and ministered to Union and Confederate wounded in several hospitals.

(Hill, Reverend William Salter, D.D., I82I-I910 (n.d.); Who's Who in America, 1908-09).

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, pp. 314-315:

SALTER, WILLIAM (November 17, 1821-August 15, 1910), Congregational clergyman, author, and historiographer, was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of William Frost Salter, owner of the ship Mary and Harriet, upon which William played as a youth, and of Mary (Ewen) Salter who had come to New York with her husband from Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He was a descendant of John Salter, mariner, who emigrated from England about 1680 and settled in Rye, New Hampshire. In 1840 he graduated from the University of the City of New York and then entered the Union Theological Seminary, but at the end of two years transferred to Andover, where he was graduated in 1843. Stirred by the need of religious and educational facilities on the frontier, he, with ten other Andover graduates, went to the Territory of Iowa under the auspices of the Home Missionary Society. The Iowa Band, as this group came to be known, proceeding by train, boat, and wagon, arrived at a point on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, opposite Burlington, on October 24, 1843. Soon thereafter Salter preached his first sermon at Keosauqua, in a little room over the blacksmith shop, and on November 5, 1843, was ordained at Denmark. Becoming missionary pastor in Maquoketa, he served there during a part of the years 1844-46, frequently riding a circuit and preaching whenever he could gather a few persons. In April 1846 he became pastor of the First Congregational Church of Burlington, and continued as such until his death sixty-four years later.

In the critical years previous to the Civil War he conducted an underground railway station for the assistance of runaway slaves. During the conflict he served as army chaplain in the Christian Commission and ministered to Union and Confederate wounded in several hospitals. Returning to Burlington at the close of the war, he resumed his parish work and writing, During his long pastorate, he was in intimate touch with many of the prominent Iowa pioneers, and his published works include a number of biographical sketches among which are: Sermon with Reference to the Death of James G. Edwards (1851); Augustus C. Dodge (1887); and James Clarke, Third Territorial Governor (1888). During the period of the Civil War he published Our National Sins and Impending Calamities (1861) and The Great Rebellion in the Light of Christianity (1864). In the religious field he wrote: On Some Objections to the Old Testament- Their Origin and Explanation (1853); The Progress of Religion in Iowa for Twenty-five Years (1858); Studies in Matthew (1880); The Christian Idealism of R. W. Emerson (1886); Cooperative Christianity (1888). His major works are: The Life of James W. Grimes (1876); Iowa: The First Free State in the Louisiana Purchase (1905); and Sixty Years and Other Discourses (copyright 1907). He was married on August 25, 1846, to Mary Ann Mackintire of Charlestown, Massachusetts

[W. T. Salter, John Salter, Mariner (1900); J. L. Hill, Reverend William Salter, D.D., I82I-I910 (n.d.), reprinted with bibliog. added from Annals of Iowa, January 1911; Ephraim Adams, The Iowa Band (1870); P. D. Jordan, "The Discovery of William Salter's Almanac Diary," Annals of Iowa, October 1930, and "The Life and Works of James Gardiner Edwards," in Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, October 1930; Who's Who in America, 1908-09; Register and Leader (Des Moines), August 16, 1910; diary, covering the period 1843-1851, marriage book, containing a list, with dates, of all marriages performed, 1843-1910; and Civil War diaries, containing his experiences as chaplain, in private hands.]

P. D. J.


SANBORN, Benjamin Franklin, 1831-1917, abolitionist leader, journalist, prison and social reformer, Secretary of the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee.  Secretly supported radical abolitionist John Brown, and his raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, (West) Virginia, on October 16, 1859.  Brother of Charles Sanborn.   

(Rodriguez, Junius P., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007, pp. 327, 338, 476, 478-479; American Reformers, pp. 715-716; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, p. 326; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Volume 19, p. 237). 

Biography from Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography:

SANBORN, Franklin Benjamin, reformer, born  in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, 15 December, 1831, was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and in 1856 became secretary of the Massachusetts state Kansas committee. His interest in similar enterprises led to his active connection with the Massachusetts state board of charities, of which he was secretary in 1863-'8, a member in 1870-'6, and chairman in 1874-'6, succeeding Dr. Samuel G. Howe. In 1875 he made a searching investigation into the abuses of the Tewksbury almshouse, and in consequence the institution was reformed. Mr. Sanborn was active in founding the Massachusetts infant asylum and the Clarke institution for deaf-mutes, and has devoted much attention to the administration of the Massachusetts lunacy system. In 1879 he helped to reorganize the system of Massachusetts charities, with special reference to the care of children and insane persons, and in July, 1879, he became inspector of charities under the new board. He called together the first National conference of charities in 1874, and was treasurer of the conference in 1886-'8. In 1865 he was associated in the organization of the American social science association, of which he was one of the secretaries until 1868, and he has been since 1873 its chief secretary. With Bronson Alcott and William T. Harris he aided in establishing the Concord summer school of philosophy in 1879, and was its secretary and one of its lecturers. Since 1868 he has been editorially connected with the Springfield “Republican,” and has also been a contributor to newspapers and reviews. The various reports that he has issued as secretary of the organizations of which he is a member, from 1865 till 1888, comprise about forty volumes. He has edited William E. Channing's “Wanderer” (Boston, 1871) and A. Bronson Alcott's “Sonnets and Canzonets” (1882) and “New Connecticut” (1886); and is the author of “Life of Thoreau” (1882) and “Life and Letters of John Brown” (1885). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 384.

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, p. 326:

SANBORN, FRANKLIN BENJAMIN (December 15, 1831-February 24, 1917), author, journalist, philanthropist, was born on his ancestral farm in Hampton Falls., New Hampshire, the fifth of the seven children of Aaron and Lydia (Leavitt) Sanborn, and the sixth in descent from John Sanborn, who settled in Hampton in 1640. His father was a farmer and, when his son was born, clerk of the town. The boy's intellectual development was stimulated by his love for Ariana Walker, daughter of James Walker of Peterborough. With her encouragement he completed his preparatory schooling at Phillips Exeter Academy and entered Harvard College as a sophomore in 1852. He enjoyed his college life, but from his teachers he derived far less than from Theodore Parker, whose preaching he attended regularly, and from Ralph Waldo Emerson, on whom he first ventured to call in 1853. On August 23, 1854, he was married to Ariana Walker, who was on her deathbed and succumbed eight days later. Sanborn graduated from Harvard in 1855 and removed to Concord, Massachusetts, where at Emerson's suggestion he had already opened a school.

It was a happy move, for Concord was his spiritual home. Less original than the elder literary men of the village, he was their fellow in vigor and independence of mind and in breadth of interests, and he had a practical sagacity and knowledge of the world that some of them lacked. He was soon in the thick of the abolition movement. As secretary of the Massachusetts Free Soil Association he went on a tour of inspection in the West in the summer of 1856 and, although he did not actually enter Kansas Territory, brought back with him an enduring interest in the problems of that region. The next January he met John Brown in Boston, was captivated by the man, and became his New England agent. He was apprised of Brown's intentions at Harpers Ferry, did what he could to dissuade him, but, when dissuasion proved futile, aided him. Later, he refused to leave Massachusetts to testify before a committee of the United States Senate, grounding his refusal on an appeal to the doctrine of state rights, and on February 16, 1860, the Senate ordered his arrest. Sanborn retreated twice to Quebec but returned on the advice of his friends. The sergeant-at-arms of the Senate delegated the power to arrest him to one Carleton of Boston, who with four assistants apprehended him at Concord on April 3, 1860. He was released at once on a writ of habeas corpus issued by Judge E. R. Hoar; a posse comitatus chased the arresting party out of town; and the next day the state supreme court, by a decision written by Chief Justice Shaw, ordered Sanborn's discharge.

To newspaper work, philanthropy, and literature he devoted the greater part of his long life. On August 16, 1862, he married his cousin, Louisa Augusta Leavitt, by whom he had three sons. He succeeded Moncure Daniel Conway [q.v.] as editor of the Boston Commonwealth (1863-67) and was a resident editor of the Springfield Republican (1868-72). He had been a correspondent of the Republican since 1856 and remained on its staff until 1914. As a newspaper man he was noted for his blistering criticism of various Massachusetts politicians. In 1863 Governor John Albion Andrew [q.v.] appointed him secretary of the state board of charities. This office was the first of its kind in the United States, and Sanborn made it important and influential. He instituted a system of inspection and report for state charities that has been widely copied, made himself an expert on the care of the insane, and drafted many bills that were enacted into law. He retired as secretary in 1868 but remained on the board and was its chairman from 1874 to 1876; from 1879 to 1888 he was state inspector of charities. He was a founder and officer of the American Social Science Association, the National Prison Association, the National Conference of Charities, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and the Massachusetts Infant Asylum, and for all of them he worked hard and effectively. He lectured at Cornell University, Smith College, and Wellesley College, and joined with William Torrey Harris [q.v.] in establishing the Concord School of Philosophy. He knew intimately all the men and women who made Concord famous, was their sympathetic, helpful friend. while they lived and their loyal, intelligent editor and biographer after their death. His publications include: Henry D. Thoreau (1882); The Life and Letters of John Brown (1885), a fourth edition of which was issued under the title John Brown, Liberator of Kansas and Martyr of Virginia (1910); Dr. S. G. Howe, the Philanthropist (1891); A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy (2 volumes, 1893), with W. T. Harris; Memoirs of Pliny Earle, M.D. (1898); The Personality of Thoreau (1901); Ralph Waldo Emerson (1901); The Personality of Emerson (1903); New Hampshire (1904); New Hampshire Biography and Autobiography (1905); Michael,. Anagnos (1907); Bronson Alcott at Alcott Ho1tse, England, and Fruitlands, New England (1908); Hawthorne and His Friends (1908); Recollections of  evenly Years (2 volumes, 1909); and The Life of Henry David Thoreau (1917). He published many magazine articles and did much editorial work on the literary remains of his friends. In some conservative circles his reputation as a subversive thinker lingered even into the twentieth century. He made two extensive visits to Europe and in his latter years enjoyed his membership in the Massachusetts Historical Society. Retaining his faculties to the end, he never lost his passion for liberty and justice or his admiration for the great men whom he had known in his prime. He died at his son's home in Plainfield, New Jersey, and was buried in Concord.

[Sanborn's writings contain much biog. material, especially his Recollections of Seventy Years (2 volumes, 1909) and "An Unpublished Concord Journal," ed. by G. S. Hellman, Century Magazine, April 1922. See also: V. C. Sanborn, Genealogy of the Family of Samborne or Sanborn (1899), and "Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, A.B.," New England Historical and Genealogy Register, October 1917, and Kansas State Historical Society Collections, volume XIV (1918); Lindsay Swift, "Franklin Benjamin Sanborn," Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, volume L (1917); Ed. Stanwood, memoir, Ibid., volume LI (1918); The Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1855 of Harvard College, July 1855 to fitly 1865 (1865); Apocrypha Concerning the Class of 1855 of Harvard College and Their Deeds and Misdeeds during the Fifteen years between July, 1865, and July, 1880 (1880); Springfield Republican, February 25, 27, 1917; Alexander Johnson, " An Appreciation of Franklin B. Sanborn," Survey, March 10, 1917; W. E. Connelley, "Personal Reminiscences of F. B. Sanborn," Kansas State Historical Society Collections, volume XIV (1918); H. D. Carew, "Franklin B. Sanborn, an Appreciation," Granite Missouri, November 1922.]

G. H.G. 


SANBORN, Charles Henry, born 1822, Hampton Fall, New Hampshire, physician, lawmaker, anti-slavery activist, brother of Franklin Benjamin Sanborn. 

(Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 364-365)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 364-365:

SANBORN, Charles Henry, physician, h. in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, 9 October, 1822. He was educated in the common schools of New Hampshire, taught for several years, was graduated at Harvard medical school in 1856, and has since practised medicine at Hampton Falls. He was active in the political revolt of the Independent Democrats of New Hampshire in 1845, which ended in detaching the state from its pro-slavery position. In 1854-'5 he was a member of the legislature. He published “The North and the South” (Boston, 1856). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 364-365.


SANBORN, John, Indiana, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1844-1845.


SANDERSON, Jeremiah Burke, 1821-1875, African American, clergyman, abolitionist, anti-slavery leader.  Minister, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church.  Agent and lecturer for Garrison’s Liberator.  Member of abolition groups in New Bedford area.

(Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Volume 10, p. 52)


SANDIFORD, Ralph, 1693-1733, Society of Friends, Quaker, radical abolitionist, reformer, called for immediate end to slavery, printed anti-slavery book, A Brief Examination of the Practice of the Times, by Foregoing and the Present Dispensation, 1729. For this action, he was excommunicated by the Society of Friends.  His tombstone reads: “In Memory of Ralph Sandiford, Son of John Sandiford, of Liverpool. He Bore a Testimony against the Negroe Trade and Dyed ye 28th of ye 3rd Month, 1733, Aged 40 Years.”

(Basker, James G., gen. ed. Early American Abolitionists: A Collection of Anti-Slavery Writings, 1760-1820. New York: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2005, pp. 122-123; Bruns, Roger, ed. Am I Not a Man and a Brother: The Antislavery Crusade of Revolutionary America, 1688-1788. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1977, pp. 31-38, 39, 46, 50-51; Drake, 1950, pp. 34, 37, 39-43, 48, 51, 55, 136, 160; Locke, Mary Stoughton. Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1619-1808). Boston: Ginn & Co., 1901, pp. 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 173; Soderlund, Jean R. Quakers & Slavery: A Divided Spirit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985, pp. 23, 25, 35, 166-167, 174, 186; Zilversmit, Arthur. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967, pp. 67, 72; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, p. 387)

Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, p. 387:

SANDIFORD, Ralph, author, born in Liverpool, England, about 1693; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 28 May, 1733. He was the son of John Sandiford, of Liverpool, and in early life was a sailor. He emigrated to Pennsylvania, where he settled on a farm and became a Quaker preacher. Sandiford was one of the earliest public advocates of the emancipation of negro slaves, and in support of his views published “A Brief Examination of the Practice of the Times, by the Foregoing and Present Dispensation, etc.” (Philadelphia, 1729; 2d ed., enlarged, 1730). These were printed by Franklin and Meredith. Franklin says, in a letter dated 4 November, 1789: “I printed a book for Ralph Sandiford against keeping negroes in slavery, two editions of which he distributed gratis.” Sandiford's doctrines met with but little favor, except among the poor, who were brought into competition with slave labor. The chief magistrate of the province threatened Sandiford with punishment if he permitted his writings to be circulated, but, notwithstanding, he distributed the work wherever he thought it would be read. Sandiford was buried in a field, on his own farm, near the house where he died. The executors of his will had the grave enclosed with a balustrade fence, and caused a stone to be placed at the head of it, inscribed: “In Memory of Ralph Sandiford, Son of John Sandiford, of Liverpool. He Bore a Testimony against the Negroe Trade and Dyed ye 28th of ye 3rd Month, 1733, Aged 40 Years.” See “Memoir of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford,” by Robert Vaux (Philadelphia, 1815; London, 1816). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 387.


SANDS, David, 1745-1818, abolitionist. Quaker preacher. With his religious intensity was joined a strong human sympathy for slaves and a passion for the overthrowing of the system of slavery. 

(Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 388; Journal of the Life and Gospel Labors of David Sands (1848); The Annual Monitor for 1819 (1819); Quaker Biographies, series 2, volume I (n.d.)

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, pp. 342-343: 

SANDS, DAVID (October 4, 1745-June 4, 1818), Quaker preacher, abolitionist, was born at Cowneck, Long Island, New York, the son of Nathaniel and Mercy Sands, who were members of the Presbyterian Church. When David was fourteen the family moved to Cornwall on the Hudson, at that time a sparsely settled farming community. He possessed a keen mind and seized every opportunity to promote his education, often studying by firelight in the evening. At about twenty years of age, with his father's help, he started a mercantile business in Cornwall, which took him frequently to New York City. Meantime he had come under the influence of itinerant Quaker preachers and members of the Quaker Society in Cornwall and in New York City. In his twenty-first year he became a member of the Society of Friends, joining the meeting at Nine Partners, New York. He was married in 1771 to Clementine Hallock of Nine Partners, and they settled for life in Cornwall. He began to give religious messages in Quaker meetings in 1772 and quickly revealed a rare gift for public speaking. He was officially recorded a minister in the Society of Friends in 1775 and immediately began what proved to be a life-long itinerant service.

The most effective contribution he made was on his second journey through the New England colonies. The first preparatory journey was in 1775-76. This was followed in 1777 by extensive services in the New England sections, where there were settled Quaker meetings, followed by a journey into pioneer sections of what is now the state of Maine. Much of his pioneer work was in the regions bordering on the Kennebec River, two years after Benedict Arnold's famous expedition. During the years 1777-79 Sands traveled on horseback four successive times through the Kennebec settlements, often cutting the paths for his horse to travel in. He left behind in these regions a long line of Quaker meetings, whose establishment was mainly due to his labors, and he is historically the founder of Quakerism in central Maine. His numerous visits to New England likewise led to an expansion of Quakerism in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He paid a fifth visit to the Kennebec Valley in 1795 continuing through the settlements in northern and eastern Maine and sailing from Halifax for England. The years from 1795 to 1805 were spent in itinerant ministry in Europe. He visited during these ten years many groups of Quakers in Great Britain and Ireland and on the Continent. He was permitted to have an interview with King George III and was received with much kindness and friendly feeling. He was in Ireland in the agonizing period during the "Great Rebellion." His travels in Germany and France were also extensive and were marked by profound religious influence. He represented in the later part of the eighteenth century a strong reaction against Quietism and in the direction of an evangelical awakening. There was an evangelical note in his preaching that was at that time new in Quaker circles. With this religious intensity was joined a strong human sympathy for slaves and a passion for the overthrowing of the system of slavery. In his old age he made a final journey through New England and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. He died in his own home.

[Journal of the Life and Gospel Labors of David Sands (1848); The Annual Monitor for 1819 (1819); Quaker Biographies, series 2, volume I (n.d.); R. M. Jones, The Society of Friends in Kennebec County (1892), The Quakers in the American Colonies (1911, and The Later Period of Quakerism (1921) ]

R. M. J.

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 388:

SANDS, David, Quaker preacher, born on Long Island, New York, 4 October, 1745; died in Cornwall, New York, in June, 1818. He became a merchant, but entered the Society of Friends, married a member of that denomination, and began to preach in 1772. He labored in this country and Canada till 1794, and then in Europe till he was sixty years of age. See “David Sands, Journal of his Life and Gospel Labors” (New York, 1848). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 388.


SANSOM, Joseph, 1767-1826, poet, Society of Friends, Quaker, abolitionist.  Wrote anti-slavery poem, “A Poetical Epistle to the Enslaved Africans, in the Character of an Ancient Negro, Born a Slave in Pennsylvania,” published in 1790.

(Drake, Thomas. Quakers and Slavery in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950, pp. 106-107, 127)


SARGENT, Aaron Augustus (October 28, 1827-August 14, 1887), United States senator. He was nominated for the California assembly by the new American Party in 1852. He was active in the organization of the Republican party in California, and for some years was a member of the party's state executive committee. 

(Biographical Directory American Congress (1928); H. H. Bancroft, History of California (1890), VII, 291-92, 548-49;  Memoirs of Cornelius Cole, Ex·Senator of the U. S. from California (1908).

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, pp. 353-354:

SARGENT, AARON AUGUSTUS (October 28, 1827-August 14, 1887), United States senator, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, son of Aaron Peaslee and Elizabeth (Stanwood) Flanders Sargent. He was a descendant of William Sargent who was in Ipswich, Massachusetts, as early as 1633. After attending the common schools, he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker for a short time, and then learned the printer's trade. This he followed for several months in Philadelphia in 1847, and then moved to Washington, where he became secretary to a member of Congress. In December 1849 he went to California, and for a time found employment in the freight-carrying business between San Francisco and Stockton. In 1850 he was on the Sacramento Placer Times, but soon moved to Nevada City, California, and became a compositor on the Daily Journal. Returning to San Francisco, he was compositor on the Placer Times and Transcript and the Alta California, but soon went back to Nevada City, and not long after bought the Daily Journal. As editor and manager, he conducted this paper as a Whig organ, studying law in his spare time. In 1854 he was admitted to the bar. He was nominated for the California assembly by the new American Party in 1852, and from that time he seems to have been dominated by a consuming political ambition which quite subordinated his career as a lawyer. He was active in the organization of the Republican party in California, and for some years was a member of the party's state executive committee.

In 1855-56 he served as district attorney for Nevada County, and in 1857 was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the attorney-general ship. In 186o he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, and was elected representative in Congress, serving from 1861 to 1863. As a member of the select committee on a Pacific railroad, he displayed energy and ability in procuring the enactment of the first Pacific railroad bill to pa ss Congress. Of this measure he and Theodore D. Judah [q. v.], chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad, were the authors. At the end of his term, Sargent unsuccessfully sought his party's nomination for the governorship, and then resumed the practice of law. In 1867, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate, and in 1868 and 1870 was reelected to the House of Representatives. After a bitter campaign, he succeeded, in 1872, in supplanting Cornelius Cole as. United States senator. In the Senate, Sargent was a member of the committees on naval affairs, mines and mining, and appropriations. He successfully opposed the nomination by President Grant of Caleb Cushing [q.v.] to be chief justice of the Supreme Court because of statements contained in a letter from Cushing to Jefferson Davis. At the close of his senatorial term in 1879, Sargent again returned to his law practice. In 1882 President Arthur appointed him minister to Germany, but owing to his outspoken criticism of Germany's unfriendly discrimination against American pork, he became persona non grata to the German government and resigned in April 1884. Pres ident Arthur immediately offered him the ministry to Russia, but this he declined. Returning to California, he soon became the Republican candidate for election to the Senate. The legislature chosen in 1884 appears to have contained a majority of Sargent supporters, and the public generally assumed that he would be reelected with little opposition. The Republican legislative caucus, however, unexpectedly nominated Leland Stanford [q.v.], and he was elected. Stanford and Sargent had been close friends and this apparent treachery came as a blow from which the latter never recovered. He died in San Francisco and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. On March 14, 1852, he was married to Ellen Clark; his widow, a son, and two daughters survived him.

Sargent was a man of strong and forceful personality, aggressive in political contests, untiring and persevering in pursuit of his ends. He was a good German scholar, well read on all political topics, and an able debater. He spoke with great rapidity; as a contemporary expressed it, "his volubility was manifest both in tongue and pen" (Memoirs of Cornelius Cole, post, p. 235). Closely identified with the militant Pacific railroad interests, he became a masterful machine politician, "placing or displacing men according to the will of a syndicate."

[E. E. Sargent, Sargent Record (1899); Vital Records of Newburyport, Massachusetts (19II), I, 342; San Francisco Chronicle, August 15, 1887; San Francisco Evening Bull., August 15, 16, 1887; Biographical Directory American Congress (1928); H. H. Bancroft, History of California (1890), VII, 291-92, 548-49;  Memoirs of Cornelius Cole, Ex·Senator of the U. S. from California (1908); C. C. Phillips, Cornelius Cole (1917), pp. 262-64; E. C. Kemble, A History of California Newspapers (1927).]

P.O. R.


SARGENT, Catherine, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), Boston, Massachusetts.

(Yellin, Jean Fagan and John C. Van Horne (Eds). The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994, 1994, p. 62)


SARGENT, Henrietta, leader, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS).

(Yellin, Jean Fagan and John C. Van Horne (Eds). The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994, 1994, pp. 51, 62, 64, 253n)


SARGENT, John T., Massachusetts, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Executive Committee, 1862-1864.  Counsellor, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1852-1860.


SAUNDERS, Adeline, African American, abolitionist.

(Yellin, Jean Fagan and John C. Van Horne (Eds). The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994, 1994, p. 58n40)


SAUNDERS, Prince (died February 1839), African American reformer, author. Supporter of colonization movement, anti-slavery activist.

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, p. 382:

SAUNDERS, PRINCE (died February 1839), negro reformer and author, was the son of Cuff and Phyllis Saunders. He was born either in Lebanon, Connecticut, or in Thetford, Vermont. In Thetford he spent part, at 1east, of his boyhood and owned property in 1805. He was baptized on July 25, 1784, at Lebanon, Connecticut. He taught a colored school at Colchester, Connecticut, was a student in Moor's Charity School at Dartmouth College in 1807 and 1808 under the patronage of Judge Oramel Hinckley of Thetford, formerly of Lebanon, and in November 1808 was recommended by President John Wheelock of Dartmouth as a teacher in Boston. There he taught a school for colored children, and through his influence Abiel Smith, a merchant, left a legacy for the work. He enjoyed the friendship of such men as William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) and William S. Shaw [qq.v.], and he founded the "Belles Lettres Society" for young white men and was active in its administration. While in Boston he became engaged to the daughter of Paul Cuffe [q.v.], but the engagement was later broken. He was sent from Boston to England by friends as delegate of the Masonic lodge of Africans and probably for other reasons, as he had letters from prominent Americans. He at once stepped into English society, mingling with the nobility, meeting the King, and making the acquaintance of Wilberforce, who was at the time interesting himself in behalf of Hayti and the emperor, Christophe, and had been commissioned by Christophe to send teachers to Hayti.

Saunders was sent with others. He was entrusted with the task of organizing a school system on the English Lancastrian plan and was to aid in changing the religion of Hayti from Catholic to Protestant. In the process he was intimately connected with the family life of Christophe. In 1816 he introduced vaccination into Hayti under the direction of Wilberforce and personally vaccinated Christophe's children. He was sent back to England as messenger or envoy by Christophe, probably more than once, and memoirs of the period indicate that this honor added to his social prestige. While in England he published his first volume, Haytian Papers (1816), being a translation of laws of Hayti and the Code Henri with his own comments. The frontispiece is a striking engraving of Saunders, which was said by a contemporary to be a "perfect likeness." It shows a face of pronounced African characteristics with the air of a man of the world. In 1818 an American edition of this book was published in Boston by Bingham & Company, without the portrait. He apparently overstepped his authority in London, considering himself more ot an ambassador than messenger, and was recalled by Christophe. We find him next in Philadelphia, then a center of activity and culture of the free colored people of America. There he served as lay reader for several months in the African church, later called the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas and published An Address ... before the Pennsylvania Augustine Society (1818) and A Memoir ... to the American Convention for promoting the Abolition of Slavery (1818). He was a gifted man especially in the use of language. His manners were cultivated, and the stories of his life in England show him to have had a shrewd wit. That he enjoyed the attentions showered upon him is evident. The overthrow and suicide of Christophe in 1820 gave Saunders an opportunity to go back to Hayti under Boyer, and at his death he is spoken of as attorney general. He died at Port-au-Prince, Hayti.

[Dartmouth College Archives; William Bentley Fowle MSS., in possession of Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; Schomberg Collections, New York Public Library; records of Lebanon, Connecticut, and Thetford, Vermont; American Almanac ... 1840 (1839), ed. by J. E. Worcester, p. 298; Vernon Loggins, The Negro Author (1931); Wm. Douglass, Annals of St. Thomas' Church (1862); O. D. Hine, Early Lebanon (1880), p. 40; Emancipator, July 4, 1839; spelling of name varies, on title page of Haytian Papers (ante) spelled Sanders and under portrait (Ibid.) spelled Saunders.]

M. B. S.


SAVAGE, William H., New York, abolitionist leader.

(Sorin, Gerald. The New York Abolitionists: A Case Study of Political Radicalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1971)


SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose, 1807-1898, New Haven, Connecticut, clergyman, opposed slavery. Manager of the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1837-1840.

(Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, p. 407; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, p. 393)

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume 8, Pt. 2, p. 393-394:

SAWYER, LEICESTER AMBROSE (July 28, 1807-December 29, 1898), clergyman, Biblical scholar, was born in Pinckney, Lewis County, New York, the son of Jonathan and Lucy (Harper) Sawyer. His father was a wagon maker and a soldier of the War of 1812, who died in the service. Leicester was prepared for college privately and graduated as valedictorian of his class at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1828. After a year spent in teaching at Clinton and Philadelphia, he entered Princeton Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1831. He was licensed by the Presbytery of Watertown that same year and on February 23, 1832, was ordained.

After serving several churches in Massachusetts and New York, he became, June 1835, pastor of the North (now United) Congregational Church, New Haven, Connecticut. Although his pastorate there was attended by marked success, he resigned at the close of two years on account of delicate health and assumed charge of the recently formed Park Street (now Dwight Place) Church in the same city. Retiring from the latter position in 1840, he became president of Central College, Columbus, Ohio. From 1843 to 1854 he was successively stated supply or pastor of Presbyterian churches at Central College and Monroeville, Ohio, and Sacketts Harbor, New York. From 1854 to 1859 he was pastor of the Congregational Church at Westmoreland, New York, at the end of which time, on account of changes in his theological views, he obtained a letter of retirement from his denomination with the standing of an independent Christian minister. After serving as pastor of the Second (South) Unitarian Church of Hingham, Massachusetts, for the year 1859--60, he retired to Whitesboro, Oneida County, New York, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1868 to 1883 he was night editor of the Utica Morning Herald, preparing also for that paper a weekly column headed "Religious Intelligence."

Sawyer was an accomplished classical scholar and a competent and conscientious student of the Bible, in the original languages of which he was well versed. He was one of the earliest American scholars to apply to the study of the Scriptures those literary and historical methods which were later known as the "higher criticism." He translated practically the entire Bible, the work, which appeared in sections at various times, being both a translation and an analytical study. He had the satisfaction of knowing that some of his interpretations which were much criticized at the time were supported by the Revision Committee of 1881. His most noteworthy work in the Old Testament field was that on the Prophets, in which he set forth the then revolutionary conclusion that they contained no reference to Jesus as the Messiah. He published two translations of the New Testament, and in his critical studies reached the conclusion that Jesus was merely a social reformer and that the only genuine portions of the New Testament were five epistles of Paul. The second of these translations, issued in 1891, had a rearrangement of the books, putting what Sawyer regarded as the genuine epistles first and the Gospels last, and an accompanying treatise devoted to an explanation and a defense of this arrangement.

The following are his more important works: Baptism by Affusion and Sprinkling (1838); The Children of Believers Entitled to Baptism (1838); A Critical Exposition of Mental Philosophy (1839); The New Testament Translated from the Original Greek (1858); The Holy Bible Translated and Arranged, with Notes (3 volumes, 1860-62); Daniel, with Its Apocryphal Additions Translated and Arranged (1864); The New Testament Translated from the Original Greek (1891). Sawyer was a well-equipped scholar and an earnest seeker after truth. Although he dealt with matters that were highly controversial, he never sought controversy nor attacked those who disagreed with him. On September 26, 1832, he married Pamelia Bert Bosworth of Smithville, New York, who died in 1881. Seven of their ten children survived their parents.

[Hamilton Lit. Magazine, March 1899; Necrological Report ... Princeton Theological Seminary, 1899; Utica Morning Herald, December 30, 1898; information from a former colleague on the Utica Morning Herald.]

F. T. P.

Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, p. 407:

SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose, clergyman, born in Pinckney, New York, 28 July, 1807. He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1828, studied theology at Princeton for two years, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1832. He was pastor of various churches in New York and Connecticut, and was president of Central college, Ohio, in 1842-'7. From his entrance into the ministry he devoted himself to the study of the Bible in the original tongues, and finally, abandoning the commonly received doctrine of the inspiration of the Scriptures, he left the Presbyterian church in 1854, and until 1859 was pastor of a Congregational church in Westmoreland, New York. Since 1860 he has resided at Whitesboro, New York, where he has engaged in literary work, and was for a time connected with the Utica “Morning Herald.” He has published “Elements of Biblical Interpretation” (New Haven, 1836); “Mental Philosophy” (1839); “Moral Philosophy” (1845); “Critical Exposition of Baptism” (Columbus, Ohio, 1845); “Organic Christianity, or the Church of God” (1854); “Reconstruction of Biblical Theories, or Biblical Science Improved” (1862); and “Final Theology, Volume I., Introduction to the New Testament, Historic, Theologic, and Critical” (Whitesboro, New York, 1879). He also made a new translation of the New Testament (Boston, 1858), and his “American Bible,” with critical studies, is now in course of publication in numbers (1860-'88). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Volume V, pp. 393.


SAYRES, Edward, captain of the Pearl, attempted to free 76 slaves valued at $100,000, caught and imprisoned.

(Rodriguez, Junius P., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007, p. 51).


SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, 1812-1890, Whitefield, Maine, lawyer, businessman, educator, newspaper publisher, Whig and Republican state leader, member of the Free Soil Party.  Introduced legislation to exclude slavery from the California and New Mexico territories.  Founded the Chicago Journal in 1844, the Chicago Republican in 1865.  T. W. Goodspeed, The University of Chicago Biographical Sketches, volume II (1925)

Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Volume XVI, pp. 407-408:

SCAMMON, JONATHAN YOUNG (July 27, 1812-March 17, 1890), lawyer and business man, was born on a farm in Whitefield. Maine, the son of Eliakim and Joanna (Young) Scammon. With a farmer's life in prospect, the boy's future was suddenly changed by the loss of two fingers on his left hand. Since he was thus handicapped in the farmer's important business of milking cows, his parents decided to equip him for a profession. He prepared for college and at eighteen entered Waterville (now Colby) College, but left at the end of his first year, probably for lack of means. He studied law in a law office in Hallowell and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Fired by enthusiastic reports of the rapid development of the Mississippi Valley, he started west and, not expecting to settle there, arrived in Chicago in September 1835. Not being greatly impressed with the town, he was preparing to move on when the temporary job of deputy clerk in the circuit court was offered him. He accepted, and Chicago became his home for the remaining fifty-five years of his life. Admitted to the Illinois bar he rapidly won a place of prominence and leadership. Appointed as reporter of the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1839 he compiled four volumes of its reports, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of ... Illinois (copyright 1840-copyright 1844). Deeply interested in public education, he, probably more than anyone else, was responsible for the establishment of free schools in Chicago. For years he was a member of the board of education and president from 1845 to 1848. One of the city's elementary schools bears his name in recognition of his services. In his early years he was a Whig and later a Republican, being delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864 and 1872. He served as state senator in 1861.

Throughout his career he was interested in newspaper publishing, in 1844 launching the Chicago Journal on its long career, in 1865 helping to found the Chicago Republican, which was brought to an end by the fire of 1871, and beginning publication of the Inter Ocean in 1872. In the late '40s he became actively interested in banking, insurance, and railroads. He did more than perhaps any other man to obtain better banking laws for Illinois. He established the Marine Bank in Chicago in 1851 and the Mechanics National Bank in 1864, serving as president of each, and he developed the Chicago Fire and Marine Insurance Company, of which also he was president in 1849. He had a prominent part in the development of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company and was instrumental in bringing the Michigan Central Railroad into Chicago. Throughout his long life he continued the practice of law, although, as his career developed, business matters occupied an increasing amount of his time. Robert Todd Lincoln studied law in his office. By the early ‘50s he had become one of the leading business men of Chicago and a rich man by the standards of wealth of that day. Financial reverses were, however, encountered: temporary in 1857, when, during the panic of that year, his bank failed while he himself was absent in Europe with his family, irreparable in 1874, when the conflagration of 1871, the panic of 1873, and a second devastating fire a year later combined to give him a series of blows from which he never financially recovered. He was instrumental in founding many Chicago societies and charitable institutions, most of which he served as president. Among these were the Chicago Historical Society, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, Hahnemann Medical College, the Hahnemann hospital, the Old Ladies' Home, the old University of Chicago, of which he was one of the most liberal supporters, and the Chicago Astronomical Society, for which he provided funds for a telescope and observatory, which, by contract between the society and the university, was erected on the grounds of the latter. His name is perpetuated in the new University of Chicago by "Scammon Court" in the School of Education quadrangle, made possible by the gift of land by his widow in 1901. In religion he was a Swedenborgian, very zealous and prominent for years in the national activities of the New Jerusalem Church. He was married twice: first in 1837 to Mary Ann Haven Dearborn, of Bath, Maine, who died in 1858, and second, in 1867 to Mrs. Maria (Sheldon) Wright, of Delaware County, New York. He died in Chicago.

[T. W. Goodspeed, The University of Chicago Biographical Sketches, volume II (1925); Chicago Magazine, March 1857, reprinted with additions in Fergus' Historical Series, No. 6 (1876); H. L. Conrad, "Early Bench and Bar in Chicago," Magazine of Western History, August 1890; Chicago Daily News, March 17, 1890; Chicago Daily Tribune and Chicago Times, March 18, 1890.]

G. B. U.


SCARLETT, Margaret, African American, abolitionist.

(Yellin, Jean Fagan and John C. Van Horne (Eds). The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994, p. 58n40)



Sources:
Dictionary of American Biography, Volumes I-X, Edited by Dumas Malone, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1930.

Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volumes I-VI, Edited by James Grant Wilson & John Fiske, New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1888-1889.